2.1: The multi-store model (MSM) of memory Flashcards
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks)
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM)
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition)
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime)
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
First AO3 PEEL paragraph
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
Example
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
What does this clearly illustrate?
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
What does this do?
This:
- Supports the concept that there are multiple stores
- Suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
Second AO3 PEEL paragraph
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
What does this therefore do?
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
Third AO3 PEEL paragraph
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
Example
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises)
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
Why is the unitary STM a limitation of the MSM?
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.
Fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph
The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.
The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.
The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term.
However,
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is incorrect, because what really matters about rehearsal is the type
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.
The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is incorrect, because what really matters about rehearsal is the type.
What did they discover?
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.
The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is incorrect, because what really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Maintenance rehearsal is described in the MSM and it does not transfer information into LTM - it just maintains it in STM, hence the name
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.
The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is incorrect, because what really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is described in the MSM and it does not transfer information into LTM - it just maintains it in STM, hence the name.
Elaborative rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal however, is needed for long-term storage and this occurs when you link the information to your existing knowledge, or you think about what it means
Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.
The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is incorrect, because what really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is described in the MSM and it does not transfer information into LTM - it just maintains it in STM, hence the name.
Elaborative rehearsal however, is needed for long-term storage and this occurs when you link the information to your existing knowledge, or you think about what it means.
Why is this a serious limitation of the MSM?
This is a serious limitation of the MSM, because it is yet another research finding that cannot be explained by the model
