22 - Normal emotional and behavioural development in childhood Flashcards
What are factors affecting development in childhood?
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Communication
- Emotional
- Social
- Moral
- Identity
- Gender role
- Sexuality
- Drivers
o Innate biological drive
o Learning theory – conditioning and social learning
o Cognitive development theories
o Psychoanalytic
What is the Id, Ego and Superego?
o Id – centre of libido drive
o Ego – conscious element of personality
o Superego – centre of conscience and morality
What are the stages of Freud’s psychosexual stages?
o Development through stages – oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
What is Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
o Development associated with managing common cultural demands placed on children
o Child progresses through a sequences of tasks/dilemmas
o Resolving each task develops a particular aspect of that individual’s personality
What is Bowlby’s theory of attachment?
o Humans are born with a repertoire of built-in, instinctive behaviours that elicit caregiving from others
o Parents have instinctive behaviours in response to these
o Problems in parental response leads to development of abnormal attachment associated with later mental health problems
What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
o Four stages of development
o During each stage, children adapt to the world and assimilate new knowledge into available schemas
o As new information is learned, schemas are adapted
What does Piaget suggest occurs during infancy (0-2 years)
- Sensorimotor stage
- Problem solving by manipulation of objects
- Differentiation of self from object
- Understanding cause and effect
- Development of object permanence (things exist even if you can’t see them)
What does Erikson suggest occurs during infancy?
- Trust vs mistrust phase
* Requires parents to be responsive to needs in a predictable way
What does freud suggest occurs during the infancy stage?
- Oral stage
- Orally directed pleasure impulses
- Mouth sucking, biting and swallowing
What changes occur with gender identity during infancy?
- Early differences appear in type of play
What does Piaget suggest occurs during early childhood (age 2-7)
- Pre-operational phase
- Ability to use language to represent objects
- Remains ego-centric
- Inability to focus on more than one dimension of a problem
- Animism – inanimate objects think and feel like people
What does Erikson suggest occurs during early childhood (age 2-7)
- Autonomy vs shame/doubt
- Children developing a sense of self require care givers to provide a safe framework to explore this
- Initiative vs guilt
- Exploring the world by experiment requires parents who can support this safely
What does Freud suggest occurs during early childhood (age 2-7)
- Anal
- Emphasis on toilet training and pleasure/gratification
- Phallic
- Awareness and interest in genitals – possible masturbation
- Oedipal conflict – boys release mother is a sexual object
What changes occur with gender identity during early childhood?
- Able to label genders
* Development of gender stability
What changes occur with moral development during early childhood?
- Wrongness of an act purely measured by its consequences
What does Piaget suggest occurs during later childhood (age 7-12)
- Concrete operational
- Use of logic to solve concrete problems
- Classification of objects according to several features
What does Erikson suggest occurs during later childhood (age 7-12)
- Industry vs inferiority
* Children need to develop skills and engage in meaningful work
What does freud suggest occurs during later childhood (age 7-12)
- Latent
* Sexual urges sublimated into sports and hobbies
What changes occur with moral development during later childhood?
- Wrongness of an act judged by the damage caused and the intent
- Rules are rigid and absolute rather than part of the negotiated social contract
What does Piaget suggest occurs during adolescence? (12-18)
- Formal operational
- Use of logic for abstract problems
- Understanding consequences of actions in the future
- Concept of relativistic factors – behaviour influenced by situational factors
What does Erikson suggest occurs during adolescence? (12-18)
- Group identity vs alienation
* Achieving a group identity and sense of belonging
What does Freud suggest occurs during adolescence? (12-18)
- Genital
- Physical changes reawaken repressed needs
- Sexual feelings directed towards others to gain sexual gratification
What changes occur with moral development during adolescence?
- Rules are seen as useful social conventions
* Intent becomes primary criterion to evaluate actions
What changes occur with emotional development during adolescence?
- More complex regulation
- Meta-awareness – feeling guilty about being angry
- Self presentation strategies to manage impressions
What are the clinical implications of infancy?
- Importance of attachment in parents
What are the clinical importance of early childhood?
- Learning important concepts about self
* Importance of supported experiences in learning initiative, sense of mastery and self worth
What are the clinical importance of later childhood?
- Developing ability to regulate own emotions, face challenges more independently
What are the clinical importance of adolescence?
- Period of risk taking
- Development of long lasting relationships
- Increased influence of peers
