2.2 Munich Putsch and lean years, 1923-29 Flashcards
Long-term causes of the Munich Putsch
1918-23 lots of grievances e.g. dolchstoss, reparations led to deep resentment of Weimar, support for nationalist parties
1919-23 NSDAP growing -> Bavarian state leaders didn’t like Weimar, turned blind eye to SA violence
Medium-term causes of Munich Putsch
1921-22 Nazis influenced by Fascists in Italy and Mussolini
Modelled salute and flags on Fascists
M led paramilitary forces in march on Rome forcing Italy to accept his leadership
Short-term causes of Munich Putsch
1923 - hyperinflation reached peak
100 marks = 200,000 billion marks
French occupied the Ruhr and arrested/imprisoned/deported Germans refusing to work
When did the Munich Putsch start?
8th November, 1923
Who was in the Burgerbrau Keller Beer Hall when Hitler burst in?
Gustav von Kahr - leader of state government of Bavaria
von Seisser - head of Bavarian police
von Lossow - head of German Army in Bavaria
What events in the Munich Putsch happened on the first day?
Hitler burst into hall w/600 SA members
Claimed he was taking over Bavaria and then Berlin to overthrow Weimar
Demanded support from von Seisser, Lossow and Kahr
They reluctantly agreed
Rohm and SA took over local police
Army barracks stayed in Weimar hands
Ludendorff released Kahr, Lossow and Seisser
What happened early the next day?
Launched their attack in Munich but Bavarian leaders decided to put it down
Hitler hesitated
What happened at midday the next day?
Hitler decided to continue with 1000 SA and 2000 ‘volunteers’
Townspeople indifference and army loyal to Bavarian gov
Group of SS led to main square
Hitler and Goering injured
14 Hitler supporters and 4 police died
What happened after the Munich Putsch descended into chaos?
Lundendorff, Rohm and Streicher arrested
Goering went into hiding abroad
Hitler fled in car and hid in friend’s house
When was Hitler arrested?
11th November 1923
Consequences of Munich Putsch
Ludendorff found not guilty due to judge’s support
Hitler and others found guilty - 5 years in prison
NSDAP banned
What were Hitler’s racist beliefs?
Aryan race destined to rule world
Jewish conspiracy to undermine it
By intermarriage, taking over industry, and moderate parties
What other views did Hitler express using Mein Kampf?
Socialism - wealth of industry to benefit workers
Nationalism - reverse ToV, invade Russia to drive out Communist and make land for farmers
Totalitarianism - democracy = weak
Tranditional German values - family values, male/femal roles, Christian morality
.How long was Hitler actually imprisoned?
9 months
What was Hitler’s new method to gain power?
make NSDAP more organised so that he would be elected rather than trying to force his way in
How was the Nazi HQ changed?
Secretary & treasurer appointed
mini state - departments for finance, foreing affairs, industry, agriculture and education
German Women’s Order and Nationalist Socialist German Students’ League - Hitler Youth
How did the Nazi Party become national?
Regions = Gau
Leader = gauleiter
Hitler expected most able leaders to force their way to the top like he did
Where did the money come from?
Raised money from wealthy, like-minded industrialists
Received loans from big businessmen e.g. Thyssen, Bosch
Why didn’t Hitler trust the SA?
Many violent and hard to control
SA became loyal to Rohm while Hitler was in prison
How did Hitler increase his control over the SA in 1925?
Replaced Rohm as SA leader
Set up SS (Protection Squad) - smaller group, specially selected
What were SS feared for?
Black uniform
How many SS members were there by 1930 and who expanded their number?
3,000
Heinrich Himmler, their leader
How did the split in the Nazi Party come about?
Northern gauleiters e.g. Goebbels and Strasser emphasised socialist element - benefits for workers and attacks on businessmen
Southern gauleiters e.g. Hitler emphasised nationalist element - strong Germany and anti-Semitism
What happened at the Bamburg Conference, 1926?
Northern leaders put ideas forward
Hitler made his points cleaar (for 5 hrs)
Made socialists seem like communists
Goebbels abandoned Strasser
What were the consequences of the Bamburg conference?
Hitler’s control of the party was clear
Goebbels promoted to Gauleiter of Berlin as a reward
Strasser pledged allegiance to Hitler but wasn’t trusted
Socialist principles of Nazis were weakened - could adopt new policies
Why was support limited for the Nazi Party?
Inflation eased, employment increased so support for extremist parties went down
Kellog-Briand, Locarno Pact gave Germany more status - cut support for nationalist parties
Hindenburg became president (1925) - war hero, increased support for Weimar, cut NSDAP support
