22 Lifespan Development 2 Flashcards
Social and Emotional Development
Topics
Infant Temperaments Eriksons stages Attachment + research Parenting styles Adolescent + Adult development
Thomas + Chess (1977): 3 types of infants
- Easy: adaptable to new situations, eat, sleep on time, playful
- Difficult: responds negatively to new situations, fussy eaters, sleep, irritable
- Slow to warm up: least active, slowly adjust to new situations after initial negative response
CT:
- different cultures prefer/value different temperaments - thus developing certain traits with time
-
Thomas + Chess (1977): 3 types of infants
- Easy: adaptable to new situations, eat, sleep on time, playful
- Difficult: responds negatively to new situations, fussy eaters, sleep, irritable
- Slow to warm up: least active, slowly adjust to new situations after initial negative response
- 3 types is a spectrum, most infants show moderate temperament
CT:
- different cultures prefer/value different temperaments - thus developing certain traits with time
- infants may be more than one type depending on the time
- low prediction for their future life outcomes
Erik Erikson (1968) Psychosocial stages
8 major stages (of lessons (tiers of hell geez):
Infant - 1st yr: Trust vs Mistrust: whether parents show us they can be trusted to meet our needs, love, attention
Toddler 1-2 yrs: Autonomy vs shame, doubt: freedom allows for individuality to develop, restrictions/too hard demands = doubt of own ability, lacks courage for independence
Preschooler 3-5 yrs: Initiative vs guilt: if their curiosity is allowed to thrive = develop initiative, if reprimanded = develop guilt, surpasses desires (dangerous?)
School age 6-12yrs: Industry vs Inferiority: in School context, if praised for skills/efforts = develop industry (strive to succeed), repeated failure/no praise = inferiority
Adolescent 12-19yrs: Identity vs role confusion: who am I? what do I believe in? - identity crisis - culture, gender, sexuality etc., if sense of self formed = stable identity, if not = unclear morals, self
Young Adult 20-40yrs: Intimacy vs isolation - in love/family or not
Middle age 40-65yrs: Generativity vs stagnation continued pursuit of work/children/other meaningful activity
Older Adult 65+yrs: Integrity vs despair - review life, evaluate its meaning
Attachment
early bonds/ relationships - parents
- Imprinting - Lorenz 1937 - biological form of attachment (geese in critical period)
- Attachment - Bowlby 1969 strong emotional bond developed between child + primary caregivers
- in humans 1st few yrs = sensitive period for attatchment
Harry Harlow’s Research on Attachment 1958
cloth monkey experiments
Addresses assumption that mother-infant bond was based solely around food security
Showed that ‘contact comfort’ - body contact with a comfortable object (aliveness - emotional) is more important in forming attachment than food
Method:
Wire+food monkey, vs cloth monkey, infant monkey was separated soon after brith from mother, put into cage with 2 fake surrogates, chooses cloth mother even in feeding or when feel scared.
John Bolby’s 5 Stages of Attachment 1969
Built upon Harlow
Infants biologically need a ‘Safe Base’ to develop freely as themselves
5 stages:
1. From Birth - indiscriminate attachment behaviour - shows expression/vulnerability to anyone
- 3mo - Discriminate attachment behaviour: more expression to familiars - parents
- 7-8 mo - Specific attachment behaviour: form specific relationship w primary caregiver - secure base
- By 3yrs - Goal-Corrected Attachment behaviour: Less one way dependance, spends time away from caregiver/person = partner relationship
- School Age- Lessening of Attachment: Less time with caregiver, more equalised attachment to them + others, trusting/affectionate of people more equally.
- during these stages, children go through stranger & separation anxiety
Mary Ainsworth’s Research into Attachment + separation/stranger anxiety (1978)
Strange Situation test - tests anxiety when separated from caregiver/presented with stranger, incliuded 2 reunion periods w mother, covertly observed to categorise into 4 types
4 types of attachment:
- Securely Attached
- Insecurely Attached: Anxious avoidant, Anxious resistant, disorganised attachment (DA added byMain+Solomon 1986)
Ainsworth’s 4 Types of attachment
Secure Attachment:
- uses mother as secure base
- explore new environments
- distressed when mother leaves, calmed when returns
- 50-75% of infants
Anxious avoidant Attachment:
- few signs of attachment (low)
- doesn’t cry when mother leaves, doesn’t seek contact when comes back
Anxious resistant attachment:
- fearful when mother’s present, distressed when she leaves
- mother can’t relieve distress, child may react angrily
Disorganised attachment: (added byMain+Solomon 1986)
- disoriented, uncertain when separated
Why do children differ in attachment styles?
- differing levels in infant temperament
- difference in the dynamic of the relationship Bidirectional, e.g., trauma bonding = Anxious resistant
- environment more influential than genetic in determining (environment = mother’s responsiveness/sensitivity to child’s emotional state
Still Face Paradigm Tronick et al. (1978)
infant response to mother emotionally ignores baby through no facial expressions
baby is used to mother engaging, when she stops, they become distressed, can be calmed again after.
Baumrind’s (1967) 4 Parenting styles
Warmth vs Hostility, + Permissive vs Restrictive:
- Authoritative: Warm+Restrictive = good communication, demanding but caring
- Authoritarian: Hostile+Restrictive = dictate without care
- Indulgent: Warm+Permissive = warm but lax in limit setting
- Neglecting: Hostile+Permissive = indifferent, uninvolved
What is Adolescence (2 perspectives)?
- 12-18yrs
Period of sexual maturation - biological: puberty - Blakemore argues adolescent period is real - brain development:
prefrontal cortex - decisions, impulse control, synaptic pruning (higher susceptibility to reward from risky behaviour vs adults)
limbic system - emotions, risk taking
Period of Social development form child to adult (social constructed phase)
Arnett (2001) defining adulthood (characteristic ranking of importance 1st 3)
- Individualism (individualistic culture bias) - responsibility for own actions
- Family capacity - care+financial support of family
- Norm compliance - refrain from antisocial behaviour
