Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Level 3 Criminology > 2.2 - Individualistic Theories of Crime > Flashcards

2.2 - Individualistic Theories of Crime Flashcards

1
Q

what are individualistic theories of crime?

A

theories that are more psychological based and support the nurture (environment) rather than the nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 4 individualistic explanations for crime?

A

psychodynamic theories
eysenck’s personality theory
learning theories
cognitive theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 3 social learning theories?

A

differential association theory
operant learning theory
social learning theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what did the social learning theory suggest?

A

criminal behaviour is learnt and people commit crime by observing role models and imiating that behaviour through vicarious reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

who came up with the social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what key words are associated with Bandura’s study?

A

role models, observing, imitating and vicarious reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does vicarious reinforcement mean?

A

if someone watches someone be rewarded for behaviour they are more likely to copy it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what results did Bandura find?

A
  1. children exposed to aggressive adults tended to copy the behaviour
  2. children who watched non-aggrerssive verwion showed less violence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what case study can be applied to this theory?

A

Jamie bulger case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does the jamie bulger case relate to social learning theory?

A

killer were said to have watched ‘child’s play 3’ before the murder took place - exposure to violent videos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the differential association theory?

A

suggests that criminality is learnt by attitudes of criminals around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who proposed the differential association theory?

A

Edwin Sutherland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what did sutherland argue were 2 factors for learning criminality? (differential association theory)

A
  1. imitation
  2. learned attitudes - socialisation influences norms and attitudes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does it mean if someone has a favourable attitude for crime?

A

they have more contact with criminals and crimes will become ‘normal’ for them leading them to commit crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are pro-criminal attitudes? give 2 examples

A

behaviour and attitudes of an offender
eg. swearing, racism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are anti-criminal attitudes? give 2 examples

A

behaviour and morals that follow rules (not of an offender)
eg. being respectful, treating people equally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does pro-criminal attitudes account for high reoffending rates?

A

Inmates learn more techniques on how to commit crime in prison then reoffend when they are released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what evidence is there for Sutherland’s differential association theory?

A

Osbourne and west

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what did Osbourne and west fine? (differential association theory)

A
  1. when the father had a criminal conviction, 40% of the sonds had a criminal record by the age of 18
  2. when the father had no conviction, only 13% of sons had one
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the operant learning theory?

A

suggests that all behaviour is the result of reinforcement and punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

who came up with the operant learning theory?

A

Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is behaviourism?

A

suggests the cause of someone’s behaviour is the result of reward or punishment they recieve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

rewarding behaviour to encourage it to happen again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

punishing behaviour so it’s not repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what evidence is there for Skinner’s theory?

A

Jeffery

26
Q

what did Skinner do?

A

conducted experiments on rats to show positive and negative reinforcement - they pulled a lever to get food and pulled a lever to recieve an electric shock

27
Q

what did Bandura do?

A

bobo doll experiment - children were shown an aggressive and non-aggressive video of a bobo doll to see if they would imitate the behaviour they observed

28
Q

what did Jeffery find?

A

is crime is more rewarding they are likely to commit crime again. rewards could be;
- finanial eg. stealing
- emotional eg. respect of peers

29
Q

what are psychodynamic theories?

A

personality theories that suggest urges and conflicts within the unconscious mind result in crime

30
Q

what are the 2 psychodynamic theories?

A

freud - pscyhoanalysis
bowlby - maternal deprivation

31
Q

what did Freud suggest?

A

most of our mind is unconscious and there are 3 elements that determine our behaviour

32
Q

what is an ID?

A

element found in the unconscious mind that seeks immediate gratification; demands the ‘pleasure principle’

33
Q

what is an ego?

A

element found in the middle of conscious and unconscious that represents reality; acts as a mediator between the ID and Superego

34
Q

what is the Superego?

A

element in the conscious mind that represents morality; causes us to go good

35
Q

what are the 3 weakly developed superegos called?

A

weak, deviant and harsh/overdeveloped

36
Q

what can cause a dominant ID?

A

if a child doesn’t fully develop ego and superego through indentification with the same sex parent

37
Q

what is a dominant ID and what can it lead to?

A

when a person acts impulsively - leading to criminal behaviour

38
Q

what evidence is there for Freuds theory?

A

bowlby (1944)

39
Q

what did bowlby find (freuds study)

A

studied 44 juveniles and found;
- 39% had experienced seperation from their mothers for 6 or more months
- compared to 5% control group

40
Q

what is the ‘pleasure principle’

A

ID - gain pleasure and avoid pain

41
Q

what did bowlby’s theory suggest?

A

if an attachment hasn’t developed (up to age 5) it could result in a child having long term social and emotional difficulties
- ‘affectionless psychopathy’

42
Q

what does ‘affectionless psychopathy’ mean?

A

long term social and emotional difficulites - due to lack of attachment as a child

43
Q

what did bowlby say can lead to crime?

A

lack of maternal attachment and ‘effectionless psychopathy’ can lead to deviant and criminal behaviour

44
Q

what was Bowlby’s evidence for maternal deprivation?

A

studied 44 juvaniles;
- 39% suffered maternal deprivation before age 5
- only 5% control group of non-criminals experienced maternal deprivation

45
Q

what is Eysenck’s personality theory?

A

suggests that personality based and criminals have a specific personality

46
Q

according to Eysenck, what are the personalities of a criminal?

A
  1. extraversion
  2. neuroticism
  3. psychoticism
47
Q

what is psychoticism personality?

A

cold, uncaring and aggressive towards others - tendency to commit crime

48
Q

what was Eysenck’s research?

A
  1. 700 servicemen completed questionnaire
  2. placed them on the ‘wheel’ to determine their personality type
49
Q

extraversion vs introversion

A

extraversion - sociable but bored easily
introverstion - need little stimulation & in control of their situation

50
Q

Neuroticism vs Stability

A

neuroticism - anxious and irrational
stable - worry less & emotionally weel adjusted

51
Q

what are the traits of an extroversion personality?

A

sensation seekers - drawn to the trill of committing crime

52
Q

what are the traits of neuroticism personality?

A

emotional - commit crime in the heat of the moment
eg. opportunity to shoplift

53
Q

what are the traits of a psychoticism personality?

A

aggressive and lack of conscience

54
Q

what are the 2 cognitive theories?

A

criminal personality theory
kohlbergs theory - moral development in children

55
Q

what are cognitive theories of crime?

A

theories that refer to thinking and mental processes including;
- attitudes
- beliefs

56
Q

what is the criminal personality theory?

A

theory that criminals have faulty thinking that develops into patterns of behaviour causing them to commit crime

57
Q

give 4 examples of criminal thinking errors

A

lying
secretiveness
need for power and control
lack of trsut

58
Q

what is moral development?

A

the process of understanding what’s right and wrong

59
Q

what did Kohlberg suggest?

A

that criminals moral development is at a lower level compared to non-criminals

60
Q

how did kohlberg suggest ideas of right and wrong develop through childhood and adulthood?

A

childhood - through rewards and punishment
adulthood - in terms of moral principles and values eg. helping others

Level 3 Criminology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions