2.2 individualistic theories - learning theories Flashcards
what is banduras bobo doll study
method + aim
aim - to study aggression
method - had 3 conditions placing a child in a room with toys and an adult
1 - adult showing aggression behaviour
2 - adult showing gentle behaviour
3 - adult of same sex as child
what is banduras bobo doll study
findings + conclusion
children copied the adult, more with ones of the same sex
children will copy the behaviour of an adult they are exposed to
give a weakness of the bobo doll study
the way we learn changes as we grow older and
we develop empathy
lacks mundane realism
only explains violent crime
give a strength of the bobo doll study
added an impact to the influence adults had towards children
was reproduced producing valid results
what are the 2 ways we learn behaviours
- directly through reward and punishment
- indirectly through observing others and imitating
what is vicarious reinforcement
learning though others, we are more likely to copy behaviour if we see others getting a reward
less likely to copy if we see the other person get punished
what is a role model
people who are similar to the observer
someone they identify with or look up to
what does A.R.R.M stand for
Attention
Retention
Reproductivity
Motivation
Define operant learning theory?
- suggested by Skinner
- we learn through consequences,
- if the result is negative (punishment) then it is less likely to be repeated
- when it is a positive outcome, more likely to repeated.
Positive reinforcement/ negative reinforcement
Positive - when given a reward, they feel happy/positive. which encourages them to do it again.
Negative - by removing a negative behaviour or result you can also strengthen behaviour
what was operant learning theory
aim + method
believed that behaviour is learned through consequences. if a behaviour brings a desirable outcome it is more likely to be repeated
- rats
when given food for pushing button they learned to do it
when given a shock when they pulled a leaver they were shocked and avoided the leaver
what was Sutherlands differential association theory
belief and what it resulted in
argues that we learn criminal behaviour from peers and family
believed it resulted in
- imitation of criminal acts: individuals acquire criminal skills from observing those around them
- learned attitudes: being exposed socially to others views and attitude of the law some in favour of the law, others not
how did Sutherland conduct a study to prove his theory
studied white collar crime and found that groups attitudes in the workplace often normalised criminal behaviour
made it easier for the individual members to justify their own criminal behaviour
