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UK GCSE Geography > 2.2 Global Development > Flashcards

2.2 Global Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Development

A

A measure of how advanced a country is compared to another

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2
Q

What is development based off of?

A

Whether people can afford the things they need to survive and the quality of life.

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3
Q

What 5 factors effect human development of a country?

A 
Economic
Social
Food and Water Security
Cultural
Technological
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4
Q

What cultural factors impact development?

A

Democracy
Work-life balance
Traditional/ imported cultural balance

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5
Q

What technological factors impact development?

A

Electricity
Internet Access
Better Farm/ Industry machinery

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6
Q

What economic factors impact development?

A 
Personal wealth/ income
Growth of Economy
Types of Industry
Cost of Living
Employment Rate
Job Security
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7
Q

What social factors impact development?

A

Access to health
Education
Housing
Recreation

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8
Q

What causes food insecurity?

A

An imbalance between food production and food consumption

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9
Q

What does it mean if there is no food secutiry?

A

There is no availability of food, no access to the right foods to stay healthy and no knowledge of how to make the best of what they have

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10
Q

Give ways of measuring development

A

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Human Development Index (HDI)
Measuring levels of inequality and political development

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11
Q

What types of statistics do we use to measure development?

A

Economic Indicators

Social and political measures

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12
Q

Define Global Development Product (GDP)

A

The total value of good and services produces in a country in a year

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13
Q

What is per capita?

A

Amount of something per person

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14
Q

Define Human Development Index (HDI)

A

Calculation of development using gross national income (such as GDP/ capita), life expectancy and average years of education

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15
Q

What do we use to calculate Political corruption?

A

Corruption Perceptions Index which grades governments from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’

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16
Q

How does GDP per capita vary in the UK?

A

London and the South East have far higher levels than surrounding areas
Scotland has similar levels to some areas of Southern England but not as high as London and the South East
Northern England and Wales have lower levels
Northern Ireland has the lowest levels

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17
Q

What factors effect the inequalities in development?

A

Physical
Historical
Economic

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18
Q

How do physical factors effect global development?

A

Size of the country
Natural hazards
Landlocks
Climate

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19
Q

How do historical factors effect global development?

A

Colonial Links

Trading Relationships

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20
Q

How do economic factors effect global development?

A

Type of economy
Debt
Investment in health and education

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21
Q

How do physical factors effect the UK’s development?

A

Remoteness or accessibility

Potential for Industry

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22
Q

How do historical factors effect the UK’s development?

A

Links with particular industry

Impact of deindustrialisation

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23
Q

How do economic factors effect the UK’s development?

A

Employment rates and salaries
House Prices
State of Infrastructure

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24
Q

How many people globally do not have access to safe water?

A

1 in 9

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25
Q

How many people die yearly due to lack of access to clean water?

A

≈2 million

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26
Q

Which are the top 5 countries with the highest GDP?

A 
USA
China
Japan
Germany
UK
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27
Q

Which are the top 5 countries with the highest GDP per capita?

A 
Monaco
Lichtenstein
Luxembourg
Qatar
Norway
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28
Q

Which are the top 5 countries with the highest HDI?

A 
Norway
Australia
Switzerland
Denmark
Netherlands
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29
Q

What is HDI on a scale of?

A

From 0 to 1

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30
Q

What is the highest HDI globally?

A

Norway 0.944

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31
Q

What limitations do GDP and HDI have?

A

Only show averages

Does not always show all information (i.e.: GDP does not include cash economy)

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32
Q

What happened in recent UK history that led to a decline in employment levels?

A

Deindustrialisation

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33
Q

What percentage of the world’s population live in slums?

A

More than 30%

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34
Q

How many children die before the age of 5 yearly?

A

6 million

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35
Q

What factors effect uneven development?

A 
Food and Water Security
Technology
Education
Employment
Health
Access to Housing
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36
Q

What type of jobs are more common in developing countries?

A

Lower paid

More labour-intensive

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37
Q

How does education effect development?

A

Developing countries have lower literacy rates

Less education means larger families

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38
Q

How do smaller families contribute to development?

A

Less Expensive

Less Malnutrition

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39
Q

Why are large families common in developing countries?

A

More children meant more hands to help with manual labour

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40
Q

What are the two types of international aid?

A

Official Government Aid

Voluntary Aid

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41
Q

What are standard forms of aid (non-emergency)?

A

Paying for imports
Support the accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure
Address a shortage of skills needed for development

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42
Q

Define inter-governmental agreements?

A

These are agreements made between two or more governments to cooperate in some way

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43
Q

Define FDI

A

Foreign Direct Investment

When a company invests in a company in a different country, and has some control over what that company does

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44
Q

Advantages of FDI

A

Brings in investment
Brings in big brands - widens consumer markets
Foreign companies may be able to pay more - pushes up wages

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45
Q

Disadvantages of FDI

A

Big brands can outsell local products
Not always reliable - investors can pull out
Lack of regulations can harm the environment and industry

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46
Q

How can removing trade barriers help ease uneven development?

A

Helps developing countries grow their economies

47
Q

What percentage of world trade is fair trade?

A

Less than 1%

48
Q

What are TNCs?

A

Transnational Corporations

49
Q

What are the two types of projects?

A

Top-down development

Bottom-up development

50
Q

Who promotes and begins top-down projects?

A

Mostly:
National Government
External Groups
Minor influences from Local People

51
Q

Who promotes and begins bottom-up projects?

A

Mostly:
Local Communities
Outside Agencies
Minor Influences from the National Givernment

52
Q

What are features of top-down projects?

A

Large-scale projects
Very Expensive
Sophisticated technology

53
Q

What are features of bottom-up projects?

A

Local-scale projects
Very Cheap
Appropriate technology

54
Q

Advantages of top-down development

A

Can access very large sums of money
Benefits thousands of people
Access to world-leading experts and latest technology

55
Q

Disadvantages of top-down development

A

Funding may come with strings attached
Many local people my not benefit
Investments from TNCs can lead to poorly paid employment, which reduces people’s chances of breaking the poverty cycle

56
Q

Describe India’s location

A

Northern Hemisphere in Asia
Has two island groups
Borders the Indian Ocean, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan

57
Q

What are the island groups India owns called?

A

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Lakshadweep Islands

58
Q

What intercontinental organisations are India part of?

A

World Trade Organisations

United Nations

59
Q

Which countries are in the Indian sub-continent?

A 
India
Nepal
Bangladesh 
Pakistan 
Bhutan 
Sri Lanka
Maldives
60
Q

Which is the largest country in the Indian subcontinent?

A

India

61
Q

What is the population of India?

A

Second most populous country in the world with about 1.31 billion people (2015)

62
Q

How many states in India?

A

29
Rajastan - largest
Goa - smalllest

63
Q

Explain the Indian social hierarchy

A

The majority Hindus (80%) believe in castes assigned at birth
These divide individuals into social classes they cannot change

64
Q

How does India’s emigration affect the country?

A

The globally-spread population generates income for its economy with money sent back ( remittances)

65
Q

How big is Bollywood?

A

Biggest film industry
1600 films/ year
Watched by 2.7 billion people

66
Q

Describe development across India

A

Greater development on the West coast with least development in the North East

67
Q

When did India gain independence?

A

1947

68
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

Extraction/ production of raw materials

69
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

Manufacturing of raw materials

70
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

Providing practical services

71
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

Providing informational services

72
Q

What is the core of a country?

A

Most economically advanced

73
Q

What is the periphery of a country?

A

Least economically advanced

74
Q

What is the GDP /capita in Goa?

A

140 000 rupees (£1, 418.99)

75
Q

What is the GDP /capita in Bihar?

A

23 435 rupees (£237.53)

76
Q

Why is Goa more economically developed?

A

Investment has been focused on emerging industries

77
Q

Why is Bihar less economically developed?

A

Harsh physical environments

78
Q

How has the primary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?

A

Decrease
58% of the economy in 1947
26% of the economy now

79
Q

Why has the primary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?

A

Increased mechanisation (cheaper)

80
Q

How has the secondary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?

A

Increase
15% of the economy in 1947
22% of the economy now

81
Q

Why has the secondary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?

A

Slow industrialisation

82
Q

How has the tertiary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?

A

Increase
27% of the economy in 1947
52% of the economy now

83
Q

Why has the tertiary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?

A

As the wealth increases there are more demands for services

84
Q

How has the quaternary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?

A

Increase
Fastest growing telecom markets in the world
Second-largest wireless network

85
Q

What impact has the change to the primary sector in India had?

A

Rural-urban migration (search for work)

Breakdown of traditional family unit

86
Q

What impact has the change to the secondary sector in India had?

A

Rising air pollution
Increased population density in cities
Widening development gap between rural and urban areas

87
Q

What impact has the change to the tertiary sector in India had?

A

Increased employment opportunities

Growth of India’s economy with rising GDP and GNI

88
Q

What impact has the change to the quaternary sector in India had?

A

Increased investments from TNCs

Over 1 million new ICT jobs created

89
Q

What is GNI?

A

Gross National Income

90
Q

Who are India’s largest export partners?

A

US
China
Europe (UK)

91
Q

Who are India’s largest import partners?

A

Europe (Spain/ France)
Middle East (Saudi Arabia/ Iran)
China

92
Q

Since when has there been a rapid increase in import/export in India and why?

A

1990s

Due to changes in trade laws

93
Q

What are India’s key exports by value?

A

Oil Products
Gems
Jewellery

94
Q

What are India’s key imports by value?

A

Crude Oil
Gold
Silver
Electrical Goods

95
Q

How has international aid to and from India changed in recent decades?

A

The aid received by India has decreased and the aid it gives has increased

96
Q

Define Public Investment

A

From the government

97
Q

Define Private Investment

A

From TNCs and small businesses

98
Q

How has life expectancy changed in India since 1985?

A

Increased
54 in 1985
68 in 2015

99
Q

How has the population changed in India since 1985?

A

Increased
782 million in 1985
1.3 billion in 2015

100
Q

Why are increasing populations, paired with longer life expectancies harmful to the economy?

A

It creates an aging population

101
Q

What social factors are changing in India?

A

Increased inequality gap
Growing Middle Class
Improved Education

102
Q

Define Geopolitics

A

The impact of a country’s human and physical geography on its international politics and relations

103
Q

Top 10 most powerful countries in the world?

A 
USA
China
Japan
Germany
France
UK
Brazil
Italy
Russia
India
104
Q

What has changed in Indian foreign policy?

A

They are building links with leading countries (France, Canada, Germany) to encourage external investments

105
Q

What has changed in Indian defence?

A

In discussions with the US to help provide humanitarian aid and disaster relief

106
Q

Who does India have territorial disputes with?

A

Pakistan (over Kashmir)

China (over resources on the Yarlung Tsangpo/ Brahmaptura River)

107
Q

Who has India signed military pacts with?

A

Russia

108
Q

Social advantages of rapid development

A

Better access to healthcare
Better jobs/ income
Improves community spirit and newly formed groups

109
Q

Environmental advantages of rapid development

A

Potential to invest in technologies (renewables)

110
Q

Economic advantages of rapid development

A

Rise in consumerism (strong economy)
Increase in tourism
Large workforce

111
Q

Social disadvantage of rapid development

A

Pollution in cities
Lack of housing
Men/ young people benefit - women/ elderly left behin

112
Q

Environmental disadvantage of rapid development

A

Deforestation
Increase CO2 emissions
More chemicals used (pollution)
Lower Biodiversity (desertification and deforistation)

113
Q

Economic disadvantage of rapid development

A

Cost of dealing with environment and social pressures
Cost of installing new infrastructure
Pressure and cost to provide more services

UK GCSE Geography (17 decks)

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