2.2 Global Development Flashcards
Define Development
A measure of how advanced a country is compared to another
What is development based off of?
Whether people can afford the things they need to survive and the quality of life.
What 5 factors effect human development of a country?
Economic Social Food and Water Security Cultural Technological
What cultural factors impact development?
Democracy
Work-life balance
Traditional/ imported cultural balance
What technological factors impact development?
Electricity
Internet Access
Better Farm/ Industry machinery
What economic factors impact development?
Personal wealth/ income Growth of Economy Types of Industry Cost of Living Employment Rate Job Security
What social factors impact development?
Access to health
Education
Housing
Recreation
What causes food insecurity?
An imbalance between food production and food consumption
What does it mean if there is no food secutiry?
There is no availability of food, no access to the right foods to stay healthy and no knowledge of how to make the best of what they have
Give ways of measuring development
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Human Development Index (HDI)
Measuring levels of inequality and political development
What types of statistics do we use to measure development?
Economic Indicators
Social and political measures
Define Global Development Product (GDP)
The total value of good and services produces in a country in a year
What is per capita?
Amount of something per person
Define Human Development Index (HDI)
Calculation of development using gross national income (such as GDP/ capita), life expectancy and average years of education
What do we use to calculate Political corruption?
Corruption Perceptions Index which grades governments from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’
How does GDP per capita vary in the UK?
London and the South East have far higher levels than surrounding areas
Scotland has similar levels to some areas of Southern England but not as high as London and the South East
Northern England and Wales have lower levels
Northern Ireland has the lowest levels
What factors effect the inequalities in development?
Physical
Historical
Economic
How do physical factors effect global development?
Size of the country
Natural hazards
Landlocks
Climate
How do historical factors effect global development?
Colonial Links
Trading Relationships
How do economic factors effect global development?
Type of economy
Debt
Investment in health and education
How do physical factors effect the UK’s development?
Remoteness or accessibility
Potential for Industry
How do historical factors effect the UK’s development?
Links with particular industry
Impact of deindustrialisation
How do economic factors effect the UK’s development?
Employment rates and salaries
House Prices
State of Infrastructure
How many people globally do not have access to safe water?
1 in 9
How many people die yearly due to lack of access to clean water?
≈2 million
Which are the top 5 countries with the highest GDP?
USA China Japan Germany UK
Which are the top 5 countries with the highest GDP per capita?
Monaco Lichtenstein Luxembourg Qatar Norway
Which are the top 5 countries with the highest HDI?
Norway Australia Switzerland Denmark Netherlands
What is HDI on a scale of?
From 0 to 1
What is the highest HDI globally?
Norway 0.944
What limitations do GDP and HDI have?
Only show averages
Does not always show all information (i.e.: GDP does not include cash economy)
What happened in recent UK history that led to a decline in employment levels?
Deindustrialisation
What percentage of the world’s population live in slums?
More than 30%
How many children die before the age of 5 yearly?
6 million
What factors effect uneven development?
Food and Water Security Technology Education Employment Health Access to Housing
What type of jobs are more common in developing countries?
Lower paid
More labour-intensive
How does education effect development?
Developing countries have lower literacy rates
Less education means larger families
How do smaller families contribute to development?
Less Expensive
Less Malnutrition
Why are large families common in developing countries?
More children meant more hands to help with manual labour
What are the two types of international aid?
Official Government Aid
Voluntary Aid
What are standard forms of aid (non-emergency)?
Paying for imports
Support the accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure
Address a shortage of skills needed for development
Define inter-governmental agreements?
These are agreements made between two or more governments to cooperate in some way
Define FDI
Foreign Direct Investment
When a company invests in a company in a different country, and has some control over what that company does
Advantages of FDI
Brings in investment
Brings in big brands - widens consumer markets
Foreign companies may be able to pay more - pushes up wages
Disadvantages of FDI
Big brands can outsell local products
Not always reliable - investors can pull out
Lack of regulations can harm the environment and industry
How can removing trade barriers help ease uneven development?
Helps developing countries grow their economies
What percentage of world trade is fair trade?
Less than 1%
What are TNCs?
Transnational Corporations
What are the two types of projects?
Top-down development
Bottom-up development
Who promotes and begins top-down projects?
Mostly:
National Government
External Groups
Minor influences from Local People
Who promotes and begins bottom-up projects?
Mostly:
Local Communities
Outside Agencies
Minor Influences from the National Givernment
What are features of top-down projects?
Large-scale projects
Very Expensive
Sophisticated technology
What are features of bottom-up projects?
Local-scale projects
Very Cheap
Appropriate technology
Advantages of top-down development
Can access very large sums of money
Benefits thousands of people
Access to world-leading experts and latest technology
Disadvantages of top-down development
Funding may come with strings attached
Many local people my not benefit
Investments from TNCs can lead to poorly paid employment, which reduces people’s chances of breaking the poverty cycle
Describe India’s location
Northern Hemisphere in Asia
Has two island groups
Borders the Indian Ocean, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan
What are the island groups India owns called?
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Lakshadweep Islands
What intercontinental organisations are India part of?
World Trade Organisations
United Nations
Which countries are in the Indian sub-continent?
India Nepal Bangladesh Pakistan Bhutan Sri Lanka Maldives
Which is the largest country in the Indian subcontinent?
India
What is the population of India?
Second most populous country in the world with about 1.31 billion people (2015)
How many states in India?
29
Rajastan - largest
Goa - smalllest
Explain the Indian social hierarchy
The majority Hindus (80%) believe in castes assigned at birth
These divide individuals into social classes they cannot change
How does India’s emigration affect the country?
The globally-spread population generates income for its economy with money sent back ( remittances)
How big is Bollywood?
Biggest film industry
1600 films/ year
Watched by 2.7 billion people
Describe development across India
Greater development on the West coast with least development in the North East
When did India gain independence?
1947
What is the primary sector?
Extraction/ production of raw materials
What is the secondary sector?
Manufacturing of raw materials
What is the tertiary sector?
Providing practical services
What is the quaternary sector?
Providing informational services
What is the core of a country?
Most economically advanced
What is the periphery of a country?
Least economically advanced
What is the GDP /capita in Goa?
140 000 rupees (£1, 418.99)
What is the GDP /capita in Bihar?
23 435 rupees (£237.53)
Why is Goa more economically developed?
Investment has been focused on emerging industries
Why is Bihar less economically developed?
Harsh physical environments
How has the primary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Decrease
58% of the economy in 1947
26% of the economy now
Why has the primary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Increased mechanisation (cheaper)
How has the secondary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Increase
15% of the economy in 1947
22% of the economy now
Why has the secondary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Slow industrialisation
How has the tertiary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Increase
27% of the economy in 1947
52% of the economy now
Why has the tertiary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
As the wealth increases there are more demands for services
How has the quaternary sector’s impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Increase
Fastest growing telecom markets in the world
Second-largest wireless network
What impact has the change to the primary sector in India had?
Rural-urban migration (search for work)
Breakdown of traditional family unit
What impact has the change to the secondary sector in India had?
Rising air pollution
Increased population density in cities
Widening development gap between rural and urban areas
What impact has the change to the tertiary sector in India had?
Increased employment opportunities
Growth of India’s economy with rising GDP and GNI
What impact has the change to the quaternary sector in India had?
Increased investments from TNCs
Over 1 million new ICT jobs created
What is GNI?
Gross National Income
Who are India’s largest export partners?
US
China
Europe (UK)
Who are India’s largest import partners?
Europe (Spain/ France)
Middle East (Saudi Arabia/ Iran)
China
Since when has there been a rapid increase in import/export in India and why?
1990s
Due to changes in trade laws
What are India’s key exports by value?
Oil Products
Gems
Jewellery
What are India’s key imports by value?
Crude Oil
Gold
Silver
Electrical Goods
How has international aid to and from India changed in recent decades?
The aid received by India has decreased and the aid it gives has increased
Define Public Investment
From the government
Define Private Investment
From TNCs and small businesses
How has life expectancy changed in India since 1985?
Increased
54 in 1985
68 in 2015
How has the population changed in India since 1985?
Increased
782 million in 1985
1.3 billion in 2015
Why are increasing populations, paired with longer life expectancies harmful to the economy?
It creates an aging population
What social factors are changing in India?
Increased inequality gap
Growing Middle Class
Improved Education
Define Geopolitics
The impact of a country’s human and physical geography on its international politics and relations
Top 10 most powerful countries in the world?
USA China Japan Germany France UK Brazil Italy Russia India
What has changed in Indian foreign policy?
They are building links with leading countries (France, Canada, Germany) to encourage external investments
What has changed in Indian defence?
In discussions with the US to help provide humanitarian aid and disaster relief
Who does India have territorial disputes with?
Pakistan (over Kashmir)
China (over resources on the Yarlung Tsangpo/ Brahmaptura River)
Who has India signed military pacts with?
Russia
Social advantages of rapid development
Better access to healthcare
Better jobs/ income
Improves community spirit and newly formed groups
Environmental advantages of rapid development
Potential to invest in technologies (renewables)
Economic advantages of rapid development
Rise in consumerism (strong economy)
Increase in tourism
Large workforce
Social disadvantage of rapid development
Pollution in cities
Lack of housing
Men/ young people benefit - women/ elderly left behin
Environmental disadvantage of rapid development
Deforestation
Increase CO2 emissions
More chemicals used (pollution)
Lower Biodiversity (desertification and deforistation)
Economic disadvantage of rapid development
Cost of dealing with environment and social pressures
Cost of installing new infrastructure
Pressure and cost to provide more services
