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UK GCSE Geography > 2.2 Global Development > Flashcards

2.2 Global Development Flashcards

1
Q

Define Development

A

A measure of how advanced a country is compared to another

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2
Q

What is development based off of?

A

Whether people can afford the things they need to survive and the quality of life.

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3
Q

What 5 factors effect human development of a country?

A 
Economic
Social
Food and Water Security
Cultural
Technological
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4
Q

What cultural factors impact development?

A

Democracy
Work-life balance
Traditional/ imported cultural balance

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5
Q

What technological factors impact development?

A

Electricity
Internet Access
Better Farm/ Industry machinery

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6
Q

What economic factors impact development?

A 
Personal wealth/ income
Growth of Economy
Types of Industry
Cost of Living
Employment Rate
Job Security
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7
Q

What social factors impact development?

A

Access to health
Education
Housing
Recreation

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8
Q

What causes food insecurity?

A

An imbalance between food production and food consumption

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9
Q

What does it mean if there is no food secutiry?

A

There is no availability of food, no access to the right foods to stay healthy and no knowledge of how to make the best of what they have

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10
Q

Give ways of measuring development

A

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Human Development Index (HDI)
Measuring levels of inequality and political development

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11
Q

What types of statistics do we use to measure development?

A

Economic Indicators

Social and political measures

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12
Q

Define Global Development Product (GDP)

A

The total value of good and services produces in a country in a year

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13
Q

What is per capita?

A

Amount of something per person

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14
Q

Define Human Development Index (HDI)

A

Calculation of development using gross national income (such as GDP/ capita), life expectancy and average years of education

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15
Q

What do we use to calculate Political corruption?

A

Corruption Perceptions Index which grades governments from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’

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16
Q

How does GDP per capita vary in the UK?

A

London and the South East have far higher levels than surrounding areas
Scotland has similar levels to some areas of Southern England but not as high as London and the South East
Northern England and Wales have lower levels
Northern Ireland has the lowest levels

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17
Q

What factors effect the inequalities in development?

A

Physical
Historical
Economic

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18
Q

How do physical factors effect global development?

A

Size of the country
Natural hazards
Landlocks
Climate

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19
Q

How do historical factors effect global development?

A

Colonial Links

Trading Relationships

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20
Q

How do economic factors effect global development?

A

Type of economy
Debt
Investment in health and education

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21
Q

How do physical factors effect the UK’s development?

A

Remoteness or accessibility

Potential for Industry

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22
Q

How do historical factors effect the UK’s development?

A

Links with particular industry

Impact of deindustrialisation

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23
Q

How do economic factors effect the UK’s development?

A

Employment rates and salaries
House Prices
State of Infrastructure

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24
Q

How many people globally do not have access to safe water?

A

1 in 9

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25
How many people die yearly due to lack of access to clean water?
≈2 million
26
Which are the top 5 countries with the highest GDP?
``` USA China Japan Germany UK ```
27
Which are the top 5 countries with the highest GDP per capita?
``` Monaco Lichtenstein Luxembourg Qatar Norway ```
28
Which are the top 5 countries with the highest HDI?
``` Norway Australia Switzerland Denmark Netherlands ```
29
What is HDI on a scale of?
From 0 to 1
30
What is the highest HDI globally?
Norway 0.944
31
What limitations do GDP and HDI have?
Only show averages | Does not always show all information (i.e.: GDP does not include cash economy)
32
What happened in recent UK history that led to a decline in employment levels?
Deindustrialisation
33
What percentage of the world's population live in slums?
More than 30%
34
How many children die before the age of 5 yearly?
6 million
35
What factors effect uneven development?
``` Food and Water Security Technology Education Employment Health Access to Housing ```
36
What type of jobs are more common in developing countries?
Lower paid | More labour-intensive
37
How does education effect development?
Developing countries have lower literacy rates | Less education means larger families
38
How do smaller families contribute to development?
Less Expensive | Less Malnutrition
39
Why are large families common in developing countries?
More children meant more hands to help with manual labour
40
What are the two types of international aid?
Official Government Aid | Voluntary Aid
41
What are standard forms of aid (non-emergency)?
Paying for imports Support the accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure Address a shortage of skills needed for development
42
Define inter-governmental agreements?
These are agreements made between two or more governments to cooperate in some way
43
Define FDI
Foreign Direct Investment | When a company invests in a company in a different country, and has some control over what that company does
44
Advantages of FDI
Brings in investment Brings in big brands - widens consumer markets Foreign companies may be able to pay more - pushes up wages
45
Disadvantages of FDI
Big brands can outsell local products Not always reliable - investors can pull out Lack of regulations can harm the environment and industry
46
How can removing trade barriers help ease uneven development?
Helps developing countries grow their economies
47
What percentage of world trade is fair trade?
Less than 1%
48
What are TNCs?
Transnational Corporations
49
What are the two types of projects?
Top-down development | Bottom-up development
50
Who promotes and begins top-down projects?
Mostly: National Government External Groups Minor influences from Local People
51
Who promotes and begins bottom-up projects?
Mostly: Local Communities Outside Agencies Minor Influences from the National Givernment
52
What are features of top-down projects?
Large-scale projects Very Expensive Sophisticated technology
53
What are features of bottom-up projects?
Local-scale projects Very Cheap Appropriate technology
54
Advantages of top-down development
Can access very large sums of money Benefits thousands of people Access to world-leading experts and latest technology
55
Disadvantages of top-down development
Funding may come with strings attached Many local people my not benefit Investments from TNCs can lead to poorly paid employment, which reduces people's chances of breaking the poverty cycle
56
Describe India's location
Northern Hemisphere in Asia Has two island groups Borders the Indian Ocean, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan
57
What are the island groups India owns called?
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Lakshadweep Islands
58
What intercontinental organisations are India part of?
World Trade Organisations | United Nations
59
Which countries are in the Indian sub-continent?
``` India Nepal Bangladesh Pakistan Bhutan Sri Lanka Maldives ```
60
Which is the largest country in the Indian subcontinent?
India
61
What is the population of India?
Second most populous country in the world with about 1.31 billion people (2015)
62
How many states in India?
29 Rajastan - largest Goa - smalllest
63
Explain the Indian social hierarchy
The majority Hindus (80%) believe in castes assigned at birth These divide individuals into social classes they cannot change
64
How does India's emigration affect the country?
The globally-spread population generates income for its economy with money sent back ( remittances)
65
How big is Bollywood?
Biggest film industry 1600 films/ year Watched by 2.7 billion people
66
Describe development across India
Greater development on the West coast with least development in the North East
67
When did India gain independence?
1947
68
What is the primary sector?
Extraction/ production of raw materials
69
What is the secondary sector?
Manufacturing of raw materials
70
What is the tertiary sector?
Providing practical services
71
What is the quaternary sector?
Providing informational services
72
What is the core of a country?
Most economically advanced
73
What is the periphery of a country?
Least economically advanced
74
What is the GDP /capita in Goa?
140 000 rupees (£1, 418.99)
75
What is the GDP /capita in Bihar?
23 435 rupees (£237.53)
76
Why is Goa more economically developed?
Investment has been focused on emerging industries
77
Why is Bihar less economically developed?
Harsh physical environments
78
How has the primary sector's impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Decrease 58% of the economy in 1947 26% of the economy now
79
Why has the primary sector's impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Increased mechanisation (cheaper)
80
How has the secondary sector's impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Increase 15% of the economy in 1947 22% of the economy now
81
Why has the secondary sector's impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Slow industrialisation
82
How has the tertiary sector's impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Increase 27% of the economy in 1947 52% of the economy now
83
Why has the tertiary sector's impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
As the wealth increases there are more demands for services
84
How has the quaternary sector's impact on the Indian economy changed since 1947?
Increase Fastest growing telecom markets in the world Second-largest wireless network
85
What impact has the change to the primary sector in India had?
Rural-urban migration (search for work) | Breakdown of traditional family unit
86
What impact has the change to the secondary sector in India had?
Rising air pollution Increased population density in cities Widening development gap between rural and urban areas
87
What impact has the change to the tertiary sector in India had?
Increased employment opportunities | Growth of India's economy with rising GDP and GNI
88
What impact has the change to the quaternary sector in India had?
Increased investments from TNCs | Over 1 million new ICT jobs created
89
What is GNI?
Gross National Income
90
Who are India's largest export partners?
US China Europe (UK)
91
Who are India's largest import partners?
Europe (Spain/ France) Middle East (Saudi Arabia/ Iran) China
92
Since when has there been a rapid increase in import/export in India and why?
1990s | Due to changes in trade laws
93
What are India's key exports by value?
Oil Products Gems Jewellery
94
What are India's key imports by value?
Crude Oil Gold Silver Electrical Goods
95
How has international aid to and from India changed in recent decades?
The aid received by India has decreased and the aid it gives has increased
96
Define Public Investment
From the government
97
Define Private Investment
From TNCs and small businesses
98
How has life expectancy changed in India since 1985?
Increased 54 in 1985 68 in 2015
99
How has the population changed in India since 1985?
Increased 782 million in 1985 1.3 billion in 2015
100
Why are increasing populations, paired with longer life expectancies harmful to the economy?
It creates an aging population
101
What social factors are changing in India?
Increased inequality gap Growing Middle Class Improved Education
102
Define Geopolitics
The impact of a country's human and physical geography on its international politics and relations
103
Top 10 most powerful countries in the world?
``` USA China Japan Germany France UK Brazil Italy Russia India ```
104
What has changed in Indian foreign policy?
They are building links with leading countries (France, Canada, Germany) to encourage external investments
105
What has changed in Indian defence?
In discussions with the US to help provide humanitarian aid and disaster relief
106
Who does India have territorial disputes with?
Pakistan (over Kashmir) | China (over resources on the Yarlung Tsangpo/ Brahmaptura River)
107
Who has India signed military pacts with?
Russia
108
Social advantages of rapid development
Better access to healthcare Better jobs/ income Improves community spirit and newly formed groups
109
Environmental advantages of rapid development
Potential to invest in technologies (renewables)
110
Economic advantages of rapid development
Rise in consumerism (strong economy) Increase in tourism Large workforce
111
Social disadvantage of rapid development
Pollution in cities Lack of housing Men/ young people benefit - women/ elderly left behin
112
Environmental disadvantage of rapid development
Deforestation Increase CO2 emissions More chemicals used (pollution) Lower Biodiversity (desertification and deforistation)
113
Economic disadvantage of rapid development
Cost of dealing with environment and social pressures Cost of installing new infrastructure Pressure and cost to provide more services

UK GCSE Geography (17 decks)

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