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UK GCSE Geography > 1.2 Coastal Landscapes > Flashcards

1.2 Coastal Landscapes Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hydraulic Action

A

Water is forced into cracks in the rock and air is forced out explosively, breaking off pieces of the cliff

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2
Q

Define Abrasion

A

This is when pebbles grind along a rock platform, much like sandpaper. Over time the rock becomes smooth.

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3
Q

Define Attrition

A

This is when rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.

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4
Q

Define Corrosion

A

When acid rain causes chemical weathering

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5
Q

Define Chemical Weathering

A

Acids in seawater slowly dissolve rocks

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6
Q

Define Biological Weathering

A

Roots of growing plants and burrowing animals or nesting birds can cause rocks to weather

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7
Q

Define Mechanical Weathering

A

Caused by repeated freezing and thawing of water in a crack or hole in the rock.

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8
Q

How does Freezing and thawing weather a rock?

A

(Mechanical weathering) water freezes and expands, putting stress on the rock, ice melts and the water sinks deeper into the rock and the process repeats.

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9
Q

Describe Rock Falls

A

Bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to freeze thaw weathering

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10
Q

Describe Slumping

A

Saturated soil slump down a curved face

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11
Q

Describe Sliding

A

Saturated soil (filled with water) flows down a slope

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12
Q

Describe Traction

A

Process by which large, heavy pebbles are rolled along the river bed, this is most common near the source

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13
Q

Describe Saltation

A

Pebbles are bounced along the sea bed, this is most common near the source

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14
Q

Describe Solution

A

Lighter sediment is dissolves within the water, most commonly near the mouth

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15
Q

What is deposition?

A

When sediment, usually carried by waves is laid down or deposited

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16
Q

When does deposition occur?

A

When their is not enough energy to carry sediment any further

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17
Q

What does LSD stand for?

A

Longshore Drift

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18
Q

What does Longshore Drift transport?

A

Sand and sediment

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19
Q

Describe the process of Longshore Drift

A

The swash brings in sediment at an angle, the backwash brings this back out to sea at 90 degrees
This transports material up the coastline

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20
Q

In which direction does swash come at the coast from?

A

Prevailing Wind

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21
Q

Describe Constructive Wave

A

Strong Swash
Weak Backwash
Long wave in proportion to height

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22
Q

What happens to sediment in constructive waves?

A

It tends to be deposited

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23
Q

Describe Destructive Waves

A

Weak Swash
Strong Backwash
High wave in proportion to length
Tall Breaker (breaks downwards with great force)

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24
Q

What happens to sediment in destructive waves?

A

It tends to be picked up from the coastline and taken out to sea

25
How does wind strength effect wave size?
Stronger winds cause bigger waves
26
How does fetch effect waves?
The further wind has travelled the more energy waves have
27
Describe a concordant coast
Has rock of one type
28
Describe a discordant coast
Has alternating bands of different rock
29
When do headbands and bays for?
When the sea attacks coast lines with alternating hard and soft rock
30
Describe the process by which a stump forms
1 - weak areas are attacked forming a cave 2 - the cave is eroded to form an arch 3 - the roof of the arch eventually collapses, leaving a stack 4 - the stack is eroded until only a stump remains
31
Define Spit
A strip of land stretching from the mainland into the sea
32
Define Bar
A strip of land that connects two headlands leaving a pool of water (lagoon) behind
33
Define Tombolo
A strip of land that connects and island to the mainland
34
How do spits form?
When longshore drift carries sediment in straight lines after the coastline has changed direction
35
How do rising sea levels effect erosion?
Increase rate of erosion
36
How do storms and storm surges effect erosion?
Dramatically increase rate of erosion
37
Define Beach Nourishment
Supplying extra sand to a beach/ shore
38
Is beach nourishment hard or soft engineering?
Soft
39
Define Offshore Reef
Artificial reefs made with sediment, tyres or cement
40
Is Offshore Reef hard or soft engineering?
Hard
41
Define Sea Wall
A cement wall which protects areas of the coast from flooding and erosion
42
Is a Sea Wall hard or soft engineering?
Hard
43
Define Groynes
Wooden headlands that stick into the sea to slow longshore drift
44
Are Groynes hard or soft engineering?
Hard
45
Define Rip Rap
Structures made of large cement rocks to take the impact of waves
46
Is Rip Rap hard or soft engineering?
Hard
47
Where is Holderness Coast located?
Within Hull On the North sea West Yorkshire coast In The North
48
How much off Holderness Coast has been lost since Roman times?
5km
49
How much of Holderness Coast is lost yearly?
About 2m/ year
50
What type of coastline is Holderness Coast
Concordant | until Flamborough Head, north of here is discordant
51
What type of rock is Holderness Coast
Clay
52
What type of waves tend to hit Holderness Coast?
Destructive Waves
53
What often occurs after heavy rainfall at Holderness Coast?
Mass movement as clay frequently falls after rainfall
54
What type of coastal defences have been put up at Holderness Coast?
Hard engineering | rip rap, rock armour and groynes
55
What has been the negative side effect of groynes in Holderness Coast?
Preventing transport of sediment has meant that erosion has worsened in certain areas
56
What are the negative impacts of hard engineering?
- Not aesthetically pleasing - Loss of habitats and organisms - Starve areas further down the coast
57
Define Suspension
Small grains and particles bounce in the sea
58
Define Erosion
The wearing away of rocks

UK GCSE Geography (17 decks)

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