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UK GCSE Geography > 1.1 Changing Landscapes > Flashcards

1.1 Changing Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

How does igneous rock form?

A

Form when magma (hot, molten rock in volcanoes) cools

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2
Q

What causes igneous rocks to have large crystals?

A

The slower they cool, the larger the crystals.

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3
Q

How does metamorphic rock form?

A

Made beneath the surface of the earth in ribbon like layers caused by heat and pressure.

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4
Q

How does sedimentary rock form?

A

Made out of sand, shells, pebbles and other materials that form layers and over time turn to rock?

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5
Q

Which type of rock are fossils generally found in?

A

Sedimentary

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6
Q

Describe metamorphic rock

A

Crystalline
Layers
“Squashed”

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7
Q

Give examples of igneous rock

A

Basalt
Pumice
Granite

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8
Q

Give examples of metamorphic rock

A

Slate
Schist
Marble

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9
Q

Give examples of sedimentary rock

A

Shale
Sandstone
Limestone
Chalk

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10
Q

What creates the characteristics of metamorphic rock?

A

Years of very high heat from magma and pressure under the earth.

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11
Q

What two types of rock do igneous form?

A

Intrusive

Extrusive

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12
Q

What is an intrusive rock?

A

Forms below the surface

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13
Q

What is an extrusive rock?

A

Forms above the surface

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14
Q

What is tectonic uplift/ destructive plate boundaries?

A

An oceanic crust slides under a continental crust, forcing the continental crust upwards and forming mountains

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15
Q

What is tectonic collision?

A

Collision zones form when two continental plates collide. Neither plate is forced under the other, and so both are forced up and form fold mountains.

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16
Q

What is tectonic rift/ constructive plate boundary?

A

the plates move apart from one another and magma rises up to construct new crust. The movement of the plates over the mantle can cause earthquakes.

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17
Q

Describe a characteristic of intrusive rocks

A

Large Crystals

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18
Q

What is a batholith

A

A large mass of intrusive igneous rock that forms and cools deep in the Earth’s crust

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19
Q

Define Scree

A

A mass of loose stones that form or cover a mountain slope

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20
Q

Define Tor

A

A large, free-standing rock on a gentle slope or hill summit

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21
Q

How do Tors form?

A

Created by weathering and erosion when a joint is unusually widely spaces and the core blocks survive weathering

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22
Q

What are Tors vulnerable to?

A

Frost action

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23
Q

What is the name given to a collapsed Tor?

A

Clitter

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24
Q

How do Limestone Pavements form?

A

Clints (huge slabs of rock) are separated by gaps weathered by run-off of acid rain

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25
Q

Define Limestone Pavement

A

Plateau of weathered limestone

26
Q

Define Hydraulic Action

A

Water is forced into cracks in the rock and air is forced out explosively, breaking off pieces of the cliff

27
Q

Define Abrasion

A

This is when pebbles grind along a rock platform, much like sandpaper. Over time the rock becomes smooth.

28
Q

Define Attrition

A

This is when rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.

29
Q

Define Corrosion

A

When acid rain causes chemical weathering

30
Q

Define Chemical Weathering

A

Acids in seawater slowly dissolve rocks

31
Q

Define Biological Weathering

A

Roots of growing plants and burrowing animals or nesting birds can cause rocks to weather

32
Q

Define Mechanical Weathering

A

Caused by repeated freezing and thawing of water in a crack or hole in the rock.

33
Q

How does Freezing and thawing weather a rock?

A

(Mechanical weathering) water freezes and expands, putting stress on the rock, ice melts and the water sinks deeper into the rock and the process repeats.

34
Q

Describe Rock Falls

A

Bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to freeze thaw weathering

35
Q

Describe Slumping

A

Saturated soil slump down a curved face

36
Q

Describe Sliding

A

Saturated soil (filled with water) flows down a slope

37
Q

What are the negative impacts of hard engineering?

A
  • Not aesthetically pleasing
  • Loss of habitats and organisms
  • Starve areas further down the coast
38
Q

Define Mass Movement

A

Movement of soil and rocks downslope due to gravity. Helped by weak rocks, steep slopes or rainfall

39
Q

Define Soil Creep

A

Individual soil particles move slowly down a slope

40
Q

Define Flows

A

Masses of rock/ soil (usually with water) flow in a line of liquid downhill

41
Q

What is likely to occur if you have an overhang?

A

The overhang is likely to collapse

42
Q

What is the Tees-Exe line?

A

A line which separates highland and lowland Britain

43
Q

What is contact metamorphism?

A

Rocks, minerals and textures are changed, mainly by heat, due to contact with magma

44
Q

What is regional metamorphism?

A

Rocks, minerals and textures are changed so that they have a squashed or foliated appearance due to high pressure

45
Q

Define Suspension

A

Small grains and particles bounce in the sea

46
Q

Define Erosion

A

The wearing away of rocks

47
Q

Describe the rock cycle

A

Igneous is eroded and weathered to become sediment
Sediment is compacted and cemented into sedimentary rock
Heat and pressure changes sedimentary rock into metamorphic
Metamorphic rock melts to become magma
Magma cools to become Igneous Rock

48
Q

What happens to an igneous or sedimentary rock under extreme pressure?

A

Heat and pressure

49
Q

What happens to any type of rock if weathered/ eroded?

A

Becomes sediment

50
Q

Name 3 upland features

A

Limestone Platform
Tors
Cove

51
Q

Give an example of where limestone pavements can be found?

A

Grykes and Clints - Dartmoor

52
Q

Give an example of where a tor can be found?

A

Bowerman’s Nose - Malham (Yorkshire Dales)

53
Q

Give an example of where a cove can be found?

A

Malham Cove - Malham (Yorkshire Dales)

54
Q

What rock are Grykes and Clints made of?

A

Hard Igneous rock - Granite

55
Q

What rock is the Bowerman’s Nose made of?

A

Hard Sedimentary rock - Carboniferous limestone

56
Q

What rock is Malham Cove made of?

A

Hard Sedimentary rock - Carboniferous limestone

57
Q

What is a plane?

in rocks

A

Horizontal Lines

58
Q

What is a joint?

in rocks

A

Vertical Lines

59
Q

How do Limestone Pavements form?

A

Rainwater passes through the lines of weakness (planes and joints) in a rock, chemically weathering them. They widen and deepen.

60
Q

How do Tors form?

A

A massive dome of magma develops and cools underground forming granite
Joints develop but make the rock vulnerable to freeze thaw action
Erosion and granite break down the rock into blocks surrounded by a clitter

UK GCSE Geography (17 decks)

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