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[MT 6312] Community Health > [2.2] Epidemiology in Public Health > Flashcards

[2.2] Epidemiology in Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental and host factors influence the development of disease

A

Hippocrates 400 BC

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2
Q

Who wrote the essay entitled “On Airs, Waters, and Places”

A

Hippocrates 400 BC

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3
Q

Published analysis of mortality data in 1662

A

John Graunt 1662

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4
Q

First to quantify patterns of birth,
death, and disease occurrence

A

John Graunt 1662

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5
Q

Noted disparities between males and females, high infant mortality, urban/ rural differences, and seasonal variations

A

John Graunt 1662

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6
Q

Systematically collecting and analyzing Britain’s mortality statistics

A

William Farr 1800

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7
Q

Father of Modern Vital Statistics and Surveillance

A

William Farr 1800

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8
Q

Reporting to health authorities and the general public

A

William Farr 1800

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9
Q

Father of Field Epidemiology

A

John Snow 1854

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10
Q

Conducted studies of cholera outbreaks to discover the cause of disease and to prevent its recurrence

A

John Snow 1854

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11
Q

What century is the British Doctor’s Study about smoking causes lung cancer

A

19th and 20th Century

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12
Q

Smoking decreases life span up to ____

A

10 years

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13
Q

What century was the Framingham Heart Study

A

19th and 20th Century

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14
Q

What study says “Cardiac health is influenced by lifestyle, environmental factors, and inheritance “

A

Framingham Heart Study

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15
Q

Origin of the term Risk Factor

A

Framingham Heart Study

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16
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

A

Epidemiology

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17
Q

Major role of epidemiology is to provide a clue to changes that take place over time in the health problems presenting in the community

A

Changing Patterns

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18
Q

Populations are facing a rise of non-communicable diseases generally among affluent sections while communicable diseases and under-nutrition still persist among the poorest sections of the society

A

Double Burden of Disease

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19
Q

Populations suffer from backlog of common infections, undernutrition, and maternal mortality, the emerging challenges of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and mental illness, and the problems directly related to globalization, like pandemics and the health consequences of climate change.

A

Triple Burden of Disease

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20
Q

Infectious microorganism
Pathogen

Bacteria, Virus, Parasite

Pathogenicity
(ability to cause disease)

Virulence
(severity of a disease)

Chemical and Physical
causes of injury

A

Agent

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21
Q

Human exposure and
susceptibility

Age and Sex

Behaviors and Practices

Genetic composition,
nutritional and
immunologic status

A

Host

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22
Q

Extrinsic factors that affect the agent and
opportunity for exposure

A

Environment

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23
Q

If a high enough proportion of individuals in a population are resistant to an agent, then those few who are susceptible
will be protected by the resistant majority.

A

Herd Immunity

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24
Q

Refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time

A

Disease Timeline

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25
Q

The stage of subclinical disease, extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms, is usually called
the [1]_______ for infectious diseases and the [2]_________ for chronic diseases

A

[1] Incubation period
[2] Latency period

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26
Q

The onset of symptoms marks the transition from subclinical to clinical. Ranging from mild to severe or fatal.

A

Spectrum of disease

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27
Q

Persons who are infectious but have a subclinical disease or individuals who harbors the organism but are not infected. This person, however, can still infect others

A

Carriers

28
Q

Carrier of Salmonella, she worked as a cook in New York City and caused 10 typhoid fever outbreaks

A

Mary Mallon

29
Q

Refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

A

Sporadic

30
Q

The habitual presence of a disease within a given geographical area. The usual occurrence of a given disease within an area.

A

Endemic

31
Q

The occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common or from a propagated source

A

Epidemic

32
Q

Refers to a worldwide epidemic

A

Pandemic

33
Q

Group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source.

A

Common-source outbreak

34
Q

If the group is exposed over a relatively brief period, so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one incubation period

A

Point-source outbreak

35
Q

Case-patients have been exposed over a period of days, weeks, or longer

A

Continuous common-source outbreak

36
Q

Results from transmission from one person to another. Usually, transmission is by direct person-to-person contact

A

Propagated outbreak

37
Q

Cases occur over more than one incubation period

A

Propagated outbreak

38
Q

Epidemics have features of both common source epidemics and propagated epidemics

A

Mixed epidemics

39
Q

What are the Steps in the Epidemiological Approach

A

Step 1: Immediately
Step 2: Disease Control Steps
Step 3: EPidemiological Research
Step 4: Calculate the attack rate
Step 5: Why did it happen
Step 6: Prevention of recurrence

40
Q

What Step is:

Determination of the population at risk

A
41
Q

What Step is:

Mobilization of the health sector, invoking of an “emergency/ disaster plan”

A

Step 1 (Immediately)

42
Q

What Step is:
Isolation and treatment of cases

Notification

Search for and quarantine of contacts

A

Step 2 Disease Control Steps

43
Q

Separates sick people with a contagious
disease from people who are not sick

A

Isolation

44
Q

Separates and restricts the movement of
people who were exposed to a contagious
disease to see if they become sick

A

Quarantine

45
Q

What step answers WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE?

A

Step 3 Epidemiological Research

46
Q

What step is:
Attack Rate

Food-Specific Attack Rate

Secondary Attack Rate

A

Step 4 Calculate the attack rate

47
Q

Based on the type of epidemic and its graph, determine the incubation period

Combine this with the diagnosis, and search back to the common cause

A

Step 5 Why did it happen

48
Q

Follow up: set up control program
- Agent
- Transmission Route
- Host

A

Step 6 Prevention of recurrence

49
Q

Reporting of specific disease cases

A

Active surveillance:

50
Q

Routine health statistics

A

Passive surveillance

51
Q

Associations on population levels may not reflect associations on individual levels.

A

Ecologic Studies

52
Q

Incorrectly assuming that an association on a population level reflects an association on an individual

A

Ecologic Fallacy

53
Q

A type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time.

A

A cross-sectional

54
Q

In ________ investigators enroll individuals who do not yet have the health outcomes of interest at the beginning of the observation period, and they assess exposure status for a variety of potentially relevant exposures

A

cohort studies

55
Q

The Framingham Heart Study is an example of _____ cohort study

A

Prospective Cohort Studies

56
Q

The Nurses Health Study is an example of ______ cohort study

A

Prospective Cohort Studies

57
Q

Cohort: Employees of a tire manufacturing company

A

Retrospective Cohort Study

58
Q

Used to determine if there is an association between an exposure and a specific health outcome. These studies proceed from effect (e.g. health outcome, condition, disease) to cause (exposure)

A

Case-control studies

59
Q

Research model used to estimate causal relationships without random assignment

A

Quasi-experimental Design

60
Q

2 examples of Quasi-experimental Design

A

Time series design and Pretest Posttest Design

61
Q

What Kind of Design:
Measurements are taken multiple times before and after a treatment to observe changes over time

A

Time series Design

62
Q

Participants are measured before and after receiving a treatment to assess changes

A

Pretest posttest Design

63
Q

Similar to prospective cohort studies, in design in that studies with or without a given exposure are followed over time to compare the incidence of the outcome of interest

A

Intervention Studies

64
Q

New treatments are tested for the effectiveness in treating diseases

A

Therapeutic Trials

65
Q

Healthy or high-risk individuals are tested to determine whether a treatment prevents disease

A

Preventive Trials

[MT 6312] Community Health (6 decks)

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