2.2 Development of nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 cortices and lobes of the brain?

A
  1. motor (movement)
  2. somatosensory (receives sensory input)
  3. occipital lobe (vision)
  4. temporal lobe
  5. auditory cortex
  6. parietal lobe
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2
Q

What is neural induction?

A

assigning of neural potential to region of embryoW

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3
Q

What is neurulation?

A

formation of rudimentary nervous system

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4
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

patterning of the neural tube

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5
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

production of neurons and glia from precursor cells

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6
Q

What is neural migration?

A

neurons move from sites of production to their positions in the mature brain

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7
Q

What is axon growth and pathfinding?

A

neurons find appropriate targets for dendritic arborisation to occur

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8
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

refines and makes synaptic connections, followed by myelination

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9
Q

What are the steps of construction of NS?

A
  1. neural induction
  2. neurulation
  3. morphogenesis
  4. neurogenesis
  5. neural migration
  6. axon growth
  7. synaptogenesis
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10
Q

What layer of acquires neural fate?

A

dorsal ectoderm

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11
Q

What part of embryo is CNS formed from?

A

neural plate

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12
Q

How is epidermal fate decided?

A

through BMP gene. signals from organiser regions block BMP signals inducing neural fate

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13
Q

Where does gastrulation occur?

A

uterine wall after implantation

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14
Q

What occurs during neurulation?

A

neural plate folds fusing in the dorsal midline to form neural tube

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15
Q

What causes spina bifida/

A

neural tube does not close, neural tube zips up bi-directionally from initial points of closure

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16
Q

Where do neural crest cells originate?

A

cells at end of neural plate

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17
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to?

A

peripheral and enteric NS ganglia

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18
Q

What causes the primary and secondary vesicles to form?

A

morphogenesis and patterning of neural tube after neural tube closes

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19
Q

What are the 3 main vesicles that form at cranial end of neural tube?

A
  1. prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
20
Q

What are the 5 vesicles in the 5 vesicle stage?

A
  1. telencephalon
  2. diencephalon
  3. mesencephalon
  4. metencephalon
  5. myelencephalon
21
Q

What doe the telencephalon become?

A

olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex hippocampus, striatum/basal ganglia

22
Q

What does the diencephalon become?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

23
Q

What does the mesencephalon become?

24
Q

What does the metencephalon become?

A

pons and cerebellum

25
What does myelencephalon become?
medulla
26
What are three examples of moralising morphogens?
BMPS, FGF, Wnts
27
What does the notochord develop from?
mesoderm
28
How does dorsal and ventral regions of the brain form?
competing dorsalising and centralising morphogens in the neural tube
29
What determines if an area becomes an interneuron or a motor neuron?
closer to roof plate = interneuron closer to floor plate = motor neuron
30
Which is the apical and basal side of the neuroepithelium?
apical - close to ventricles basal - close to where spinal cord will develop
31
What is special about neuroepithelial cells and radial glia (hint: progenitor)
both are multipoint neural progenitor cells
32
Where are neural progenitor cells produced and where do they migrate?
produced in ventricular zone, as they develop, move towards basal surface
33
What do radial glia become?
astrocytes
34
What do symmetric divisions result in?
expansion of neuroepithelial layer or two identical daughter cells (neurons)
35
What do asymmetric divisions result in?
radial glia which divide and produce more radial glia and a differentiated neuron, so produce two different daughter cells
36
How do excitatory neurons grow?
inside out sequence grow in dorsal and move towards surface of brain
37
How do inhibitory neurons grow?
come from MGE so produced in diff regions
38
Which comes first - neurogenesis or gliogenesis
Neurogenesis. They block each others actions.
39
Where does the information flow in neurons start and end?
Starts at dendrites, collecting electrical signals. Sends to cell body, generating outgoing signals to axon. Axon passes electrical signals to dendrites of other cel.
40
What is seen on the end of a growing axon?
Growth cone
41
What are pyramidal neurons?
Excitatory long range projection neurons. Axons project to other cortical hemisphere or spinal cord
42
What are interneurons?
Locally projecting inhibitory neurons which modulate cortical excitatory output
43
How many layers in the cortex?
6
44
What happens in dendrite and axon growth?
Repulsion of outgrowing axon caused by Sema3A and Slit1, attraction of main apical dendrite , elongation/retraction and branching of apical/basal dendrites
45
What do actin filaments do?
Regulate shape and directed growth of growth cone
46
What do microtubules do?
Provide structure
47
What do filopodia do?
Receive signals from environment to determine where to go