22) Cloning and Biotechnology Flashcards
Define Cloning
DEfine VEgetative propagation
Producing genetically identical cells / organisms from existing organisms
Production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues
Describe 5 natural vegetative propogation methods
RhizomesStems that grow horizontally underground , has nodes
Runners Grow above ground , shoots or roots can delevop from here
Suckers SHoots that grow from sucker buds on shallow roots
Tubers Large underground food stores for plant , covered in eyes
Bulbs Underground food stores , able to develop from original bulbs .
Describe how plants can be artifically cloned from tissue culture
1) Cells are taken from stem and root tipds from desired plant
2) Cells are sterilised to kill microorganisms (as they compete for nutrience with plant cells)
3) Placed on culture medium containing nutrients and growth hormones.
4) CElls divide and grown are taken and planted in soil
Why are tissue culture used to clone plants
For Plants that don’t readily reproduce or are endangered
Whole plants from Genetically Engineered plant cells
Micropropagation -Make many cloned plants
What are the Arguments for plant cloning
-Desirable genetic characteristics are always passed down.
-Allow plants to be reproduced in any season
-Less space required to grow
-Produce lots of plants quickly compared
What are arguments against Plant cloning
-Undesirible genetic characters are always passed on
-Cloned populations have no genetic variation -single disease can kill them all
-Production costs is high due to high energy use
-Contamination by microorganisms during tissue culture can be disastrous and can lead to complete loss
What are natural Animal clones
Egg fertilised in sexual reproduction , develop into multiple embryons with the same genetic information . Embryos produce into genetically identical offspring
Describe how Artificial Embryo Twinning is an examle of Artificial Cloning
1) Egg cel is extracted from femal cow and fertilised in a petri dish
2) Fertilised egg divides to form an embryo In Vitro
3) Individua cells are seperated into seperate petri dish - divides normally and embryo form
4) Embryos are implanted into female surrogate mother cows
5) Embryo continue to develop
Describe how Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer is an example of Artificial Cloning
1) Somatic cell’s nucleus is extracted and kept
2) AN oocyte (immature egg cell ) is taken from sheep B . Nucleus is removed to create Enucleated ooyte
3) Nuceus from Sheep A is inserted into unucleated oocyte from sheep B
4) Both fused together and stimuated to divide to produce an ebryo
5) EMbryo is implanted into surrogate mother
Why is Animal CLoning used?
- Research purposes
- Save endangered animals from extinction
- Used in agriculture for desirable characteristic animals
- GMO Animas to produce useful sustances
- Young embryos have potential in cell type to replace damaged tissues.
- cloned cells are genetically identical to patient’s own cells so won’t be rejected
What is the Argument for Animal Cloning
- Desirable genetic characteristics are passed on to clones
- Infertile animls can be reproducd
- Inc population of endangered species help to preserve biodiversit
- Animals can be cloned at any time
- Help develop new treatments for disease
What are the Arguments Against Cloning
- DIfficult , time consuming , expensive
- No genetic availability , undesirable genetic characteristics are always pased on
- All population susceptible to same diseases
- May not ive a long
- Unethical
- Vloned human embryos seen as controversial
What is Biotechnology ?
Why are microorganisms mostly used?
The industrial use of living organisms to produce food,drugs and toher products
- Ideal growth cnditions easily created
- SHort life-cycle , grow rapdly so products made rapidly
- Grown on inexpensive material
- Grown any time of the year
How are enzymes used in living organisms in industry
Combined with the cells (intracellular enzy )
Isolated enzy are secreted naturally by extracellular enzymes or extracted.
Naturally secreted re cheaper.
Give examples how microorganisms are used in the industry
Brewing
Baking
Cheese Making
Yoghurt Prduction
Penicillin Production
Bioremediation
Give examples how microorganisms are used in the industry
Brewing
Baking
Cheese Making
Yoghurt Prduction
Penicillin Production
Bioremediation
What are the advantages of using microorganisms in Food Production
- Single-celled protein grown into different organic substrates inluding waste materials .
- Grown quickly ,easily ,chealy . Prouction costs are low , simppe growth requirements . Tackle malutrition
- SIngle-celled protein considered a healthier alternative
WHat are the Disadvantages of microorganisms in food production
Condition needed to grow that desired microorganism are ideal .
Risk of contamination
Not like idea of eating food grown from waste products
Single-celled doesn’t have same texture or flavour
Helath problems can cause high levels of uric acid released when large amm of amino acids are broken down
What i Batch Fermentation and Continuous fermentation
**Batch ** Grown in individual batches , when one culture ends a different batch is grown . Closed Culture
COntinuous COntinually grown without stopping , so nutrients are put in and waste products are removed at a constant rate
What conditions are kept at optimum to maximise yield
PH Constatly monitored by a pH probe and kept at optimum level Allow enzymes to work efficiently
**Temp ** Kept constant by a water jacket that surrounds the entire vessel
Allow enzymes to work efficiently
Nutrients Paddles constantly circulate fresh nutrient medium
Ensure microorgansims always have access to required nutrients
Vol of oxygen Sterile air is pumped ito vessel when needed
Make sure microorganisms always have oxygen for aerobic respiration
Vesel kept sterile Superheated steam sterilises the vessel after each use
Kills any unwanted organisms that may compete with ones being cutured
What is a CLosed Culture
Growth takes place in a vessel thats isolated from the external environment - extra nutrients aren’t added and waste products aren’t removed during growth.
Growth Curve
What happens in the
Lag Phase ,Exponential phase
1) Pop size inc slowly , reproduction rate is low
2) Pop size inc quickly , conditions are most favourable for reproduction . Numbre doubles at regular intervals
Describe what happens during
Stationary phase , decline phase
1) Pop size stays level ; death rate quals theire reproductive rate. MO die as not enough food and waste products build up
2) Pop size falls ; death rate is greater than reproductive rate , food is scares and waste products are at toxic levels
What is he use of immobilised enzymes
Products seperated can be complicated and costly.
Attatch to insoluble materials so wont mix products
What are the 3 main ways enzymes are immobilised
1) Encapsulated in jelly like alginate beads Act as a semi-permeable membrane
2) Trapped in a silica gel matrix
3) Covalently bonded to cellulose or collagen fibres
What are the advantages of immobilised enzymes
Columns of immobilised enzymes can be washed and reused - red cost of running in cycles
Product isnt mixed - no money or time spent to seperate
Are more stable than free enzymes , less likely to denature at high temp or extream pH
What are the disadvantages of Immobilised Enzymes
EXTRA equipment-expensive
More expensive than free enzymes
Not economical for small scale use
Reduction in enzyme activity ; cannot mix with their substrate
What are the uses of Immobilised Enzymes in Industrial Processes
-Conversion of Lactose to Glucose and Galactose
-Production if Semi-Synthetic Penicillins
-Conversion of dextrins to glucose
-Conversion of glucose to fructose
-Production if pure samples of L-Amino Acids
