21) Manipulating Genomes Flashcards
What do you add in a solution when finding a DNA Profile?
- Free nucleotide bases
- Primers
- DNA Sample
- DNA Polumerase
Define PCR
Why is this important
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Amplify and produce millions of copies of a fraagment of DNA
Describe Denaturing stage in PCR
Mixture heated to 95 degress to break H bonds
Why is DNA Polymerase efiicient even at high temperatures
They don’t denature , many cycles of PCR can be carried out without using new enzymes
Describe what happens in annealing stage of pcr
Cooled between 50 - 60 degrees .
Where the primers bind to the strands
Describe what happens in the extension stage of pcr
Heat up to 72 degrees.
Dna polymerase work and lines up free nucleotides along template strang. COmplementary base pairing forms complementary strands.
this creats 2 new copies
How does electrophoresis contribute in a DNA Profile
Add a small current through the gel.
DNA is negatively charged , they are placed at the -ve electrode
move toeards the positive electrode
smaller fragments travel faster than longer.
What is the role of restriction enzymes
Cut fragments at restriction sites,seperate specific fragments to the rest of the DNA.Create sticky ends, used to anneal complementary sequences,
Tell me how to create a DNA Profile
DNA is isolated , add restriction enzyme to get fragment needed.
Pcr to amplify the fragments.
Run onto electrophoresis gel and allow small current to pass.
Include a type of fluorescent dye and place under UV light .
Give examples on where we us DNA Profiling
Medical diagnosis , forensic science , ability to diagnose genetic disorders.
Descrribe how you can genetically engineer for a gene you want
1) Isolate required gene by using restiction enzymes.
2) Isolated DNA is inserted into a vector using DNA ligase.
3) Sticky ends from the reuired DNA and Vector DNA join by complementary base pairing by DNA ligasse .
4) Reform sugar-phosphate backbone by ligation
5) Now create recombinant DNA
6) Recombinant DNA transfer into bacterial cell by electroporation
7) THhis is called transformation
What is the significance of electroporation
Increase the permeabbility of the bacterial cell membranes to allow to take in plasmids
+ev in GE be used to create insect-resistance in plants
Reduce amount of chemical pesticides whcih can harm the environment
-ve in GE used to create insec-resistance in plants
Encourage monoculture , decrease in genetic variation , more susceptible/ genetically identical to the same diseases.
+ve in GE in producing Drugs from animals
be made in large quantities , available to more people
-ve in GE in producing drugs from animals
Could cause harmful side-effects for the animal , merely seen as assets , could be unethical
+ve in GE of pathogens
previously untreatable disease can now be treated
-ve in GE of pathogens
could become infected and cause mass outbreak of disease
pathogen could revert back to it’s original form and cause an outbreak of disease
if in wrong hands , dangerous pathogens could be maliciously for biowarfare.
+ve issues of GE of Owned big Companies
money generated ,encourage complate to be the first to come up with a new genetically modified seends .Produce faster
-ve issues of GE of Owned big companies
Farmers in poorer countries may not afford patented gmo seeds.
Not legally allowed to plant and grow .
Unfair to help farmers in poorer countries
What is gene therapy
Cure disorders, altering alleles inside cells
Outline somatic therapy
Alter Alleles in body cells
Targetic specific cells
Don’t affect individual sex cells
Offspring able to inherit disease
Outline Germ line therapy
Alter allels in sex cells
Every cell of offspring is affected
Offspring won’t inherit the disease
Currently illegal.
+ve ethical issues of Gene Therapy
Prolong Lives
Better quality of life
Decrease amount of people from suffering from a geneetic disorder
-ve ethical issue of Gene Therapy
Could be used in otherr medical treatment
Do more harm than good
expensive and tthought that can be spent on other things
What are the disadvantages of Gene Therapy
-effects may be short lived
-undergo multiple treatments
-difficult to get the allele innto specific body cell
-Body could identify vector as foreign bodies
-Allele inserted into wrong place causing more problems
-Could overexpressed , producing too much of a missing protein
What is synthetic biology
building systems from artificially made molecules
redesigning biological systems to perform better
design new molecules that don’t exist
Meaning creating DNA from scratch
