21) Manipulating Genomes Flashcards

1
Q

What do you add in a solution when finding a DNA Profile?

A
  • Free nucleotide bases
  • Primers
  • DNA Sample
  • DNA Polumerase
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2
Q

Define PCR
Why is this important

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction
Amplify and produce millions of copies of a fraagment of DNA

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3
Q

Describe Denaturing stage in PCR

A

Mixture heated to 95 degress to break H bonds

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4
Q

Why is DNA Polymerase efiicient even at high temperatures

A

They don’t denature , many cycles of PCR can be carried out without using new enzymes

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5
Q

Describe what happens in annealing stage of pcr

A

Cooled between 50 - 60 degrees .
Where the primers bind to the strands

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6
Q

Describe what happens in the extension stage of pcr

A

Heat up to 72 degrees.
Dna polymerase work and lines up free nucleotides along template strang. COmplementary base pairing forms complementary strands.
this creats 2 new copies

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7
Q

How does electrophoresis contribute in a DNA Profile

A

Add a small current through the gel.
DNA is negatively charged , they are placed at the -ve electrode
move toeards the positive electrode
smaller fragments travel faster than longer.

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8
Q

What is the role of restriction enzymes

A

Cut fragments at restriction sites,seperate specific fragments to the rest of the DNA.Create sticky ends, used to anneal complementary sequences,

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9
Q

Tell me how to create a DNA Profile

A

DNA is isolated , add restriction enzyme to get fragment needed.
Pcr to amplify the fragments.
Run onto electrophoresis gel and allow small current to pass.
Include a type of fluorescent dye and place under UV light .

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10
Q

Give examples on where we us DNA Profiling

A

Medical diagnosis , forensic science , ability to diagnose genetic disorders.

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11
Q

Descrribe how you can genetically engineer for a gene you want

A

1) Isolate required gene by using restiction enzymes.
2) Isolated DNA is inserted into a vector using DNA ligase.
3) Sticky ends from the reuired DNA and Vector DNA join by complementary base pairing by DNA ligasse .
4) Reform sugar-phosphate backbone by ligation
5) Now create recombinant DNA
6) Recombinant DNA transfer into bacterial cell by electroporation
7) THhis is called transformation

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12
Q

What is the significance of electroporation

A

Increase the permeabbility of the bacterial cell membranes to allow to take in plasmids

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13
Q

+ev in GE be used to create insect-resistance in plants

A

Reduce amount of chemical pesticides whcih can harm the environment

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14
Q

-ve in GE used to create insec-resistance in plants

A

Encourage monoculture , decrease in genetic variation , more susceptible/ genetically identical to the same diseases.

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15
Q

+ve in GE in producing Drugs from animals

A

be made in large quantities , available to more people

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16
Q

-ve in GE in producing drugs from animals

A

Could cause harmful side-effects for the animal , merely seen as assets , could be unethical

17
Q

+ve in GE of pathogens

A

previously untreatable disease can now be treated

18
Q

-ve in GE of pathogens

A

could become infected and cause mass outbreak of disease
pathogen could revert back to it’s original form and cause an outbreak of disease
if in wrong hands , dangerous pathogens could be maliciously for biowarfare.

19
Q

+ve issues of GE of Owned big Companies

A

money generated ,encourage complate to be the first to come up with a new genetically modified seends .Produce faster

20
Q

-ve issues of GE of Owned big companies

A

Farmers in poorer countries may not afford patented gmo seeds.
Not legally allowed to plant and grow .
Unfair to help farmers in poorer countries

21
Q

What is gene therapy

A

Cure disorders, altering alleles inside cells

22
Q

Outline somatic therapy

A

Alter Alleles in body cells
Targetic specific cells
Don’t affect individual sex cells
Offspring able to inherit disease

23
Q

Outline Germ line therapy

A

Alter allels in sex cells
Every cell of offspring is affected
Offspring won’t inherit the disease
Currently illegal.

24
Q

+ve ethical issues of Gene Therapy

A

Prolong Lives
Better quality of life
Decrease amount of people from suffering from a geneetic disorder

25
-ve ethical issue of Gene Therapy
Could be used in otherr medical treatment Do more harm than good expensive and tthought that can be spent on other things
26
What are the disadvantages of Gene Therapy
-effects may be short lived -undergo multiple treatments -difficult to get the allele innto specific body cell -Body could identify vector as foreign bodies -Allele inserted into wrong place causing more problems -Could overexpressed , producing too much of a missing protein
27
What is synthetic biology
building systems from artificially made molecules redesigning biological systems to perform better design new molecules that don't exist | Meaning creating DNA from scratch