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Edexcel A-Level Geography > 2.2 Case studies > Flashcards

2.2 Case studies Flashcards

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1
Q

North of England economic growth

A
  • 3.8%
  • 4.3% for rest of England
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2
Q

reasons for rapid population growth in south east

A
  • international migrants drawn to areas with job opportunities and growing economies
  • migrants of working, child-bearing age
  • physical location means easy access to continental Europe, which increases trade
  • bigger population = multiplier effect = increased investment and more services
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3
Q

reasons for slow population growth in North East and Wales

A
  • internal migration to south east
  • not as attractive to international migrants
  • perceived higher standard of living in south
  • loss of heavy industrial activity
  • fewer people on NE = loss of investment and service = spiral of decline
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4
Q

Why has London grown more rapidly than Northern England? - demographic reasons

A

booming economy has led to rapid internal and international migration, particularly of young graduates

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5
Q

Why has London grown more rapidly than Northern England? - economic reasons

A
  • population growth resulted from London’s expanding knowledge economy, which led to an influx of highly-qualified workers
  • in NE, slow population growth has resulted in collapse of traditional industries so many workers leave to find work elsewhere
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6
Q

Why has London grown more rapidly than Northern England? - social reasons

A
  • falling mortality rate of over 65s and improved care of elderly mean longer average life expectancy
  • in London, life expectancy rose from 73.3 in 1993, to 80.0 in 2013
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7
Q

Why has London grown more rapidly than Northern England? - migration

A
  • in 2004, government signed agreement with EU members to open borders and allow free flows of people
  • key driver of population change from 1990s has been net international migration (has contributed to 69% of population growth)
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8
Q

East Devon - population and services

A
  • low population density
  • more older people as is a popular retirement location
  • limited public transport (1 bus every half hour) - connected to Exeter
  • jobs based in tourism, agriculture, etc.
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9
Q

Tower Hamlets - population and services

A
  • UK’s lowest proportion of over 65s
  • better public transport connections - connected to all parts of the UK
  • greater ethnic diversity - 33% of population from Bangladesh
  • more expensive to live
  • expanding knowledge economy (finance, law, advertising, media etc.)
  • greater job vacancies
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10
Q

Brent population structure

A
  • average age: 35
  • 36% white British
  • 63% English speaking
  • most common second language is Gujarati
  • 35% of children in poverty
  • negative net internal migration
  • positive net international migration
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11
Q

Bromley population structure

A
  • average age: 40
  • 78% white British
  • 94% English speaking
  • most common second language is Polish
  • 18% of children in poverty
  • positive net internal and international migration
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12
Q

Why is Brent more ethnically diverse than Bromley?

A
  • higher international migration as migrants attracted to employment opportunities and services of central London
  • social clustering of ethnic groups
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13
Q

Why is Bromley less deprived than Brent?

A

suburban area with wealthier residents that commute to London to work

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14
Q

Oxford housing crisis - problems

A
  • avg house price over 11 times the local wage
  • needs 24-32000 homes by 2031 to meet demand
  • recruiting for jobs difficult due to lack of affordable homes, affecting local economy and quality of services
  • universities held back in global competition for research talent
  • over half of Oxford’s workforce commute into the city
  • commuting distances are increasing
  • pressure on infrastructure not sustainable
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15
Q

Oxford housing crisis - solutions

A
  • in 2014 council set up review of the green belt and 6 sites may be released for new housing
  • government tried to encourage building of more affordable housing
  • planning permission granted for new developments must include affordable dwellings
  • rents and sale prices subsidised
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16
Q

Oxford housing crisis - stakeholders

A
  • residents
  • Oxford university, students
  • NGOs: Heritage NGO, Homes for Oxford
  • Large city employers: Oxford Bus Company, BWM mini Oxford
  • Governance: council, social services
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17
Q

Oxford Stakeholder: Oxford city council

A
  • Called for more greenbelt land to be built on because there is no room for new homes
  • Families with several generations are forced to live in one house
  • 3,300 households on the waiting list for social housing
  • Reason why 1 in 4 children live in poverty
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18
Q

Oxford Stakeholders: Oxford University

A
  • Need to build 16 more units of affordable housing for all of their staff
  • Only way to build more housing to build more houses to accommodate everyone
19
Q

Oxford Stakeholders: Heritage NGO

A
  • Issued a last minute plea to councillors to reject plans for nearly 4,000 homes on greenbelt land
  • Protests been planned to make and preserve oxford and its rural identity because it’s such a beautiful county to live in
20
Q

London today - perceptions

A
  • wide range of employment opportunities
  • range and quality of commercial and social services
  • variety of entertainment and other leisure activities
  • diversity
21
Q

London today - reality

A
  • high living costs
  • social isolation
  • poor environmental quality
  • crime
  • ethnic diversity
  • pace and stress
  • social polarisation
22
Q

Notting Hill - History

A
  • Post ww2 - British Empire was encouraging caribbean people to migrate; they were attracted to Notting Hill by cheap housing
  • 1950s - infamous for its sum of landlords and inner-city deprivation
  • 1958 - race riots due to racial tension
  • 1960s + 1970s - gentrification begins as young professionals and managers began moving in
  • 1990s - pioneers increasingly replaced by very wealthy individuals - property prices rocket
23
Q

Media representation of Notting Hill

A
  • Notting Hill film presents it as busy, lively, and vibrant, with a variety of people
  • working class people written out of media accounts
  • Notting Hill carnival presented to be both lively and vibrant as well as full or violence, crime, and drug and alcohol use
  • news suggest that little has changed in terms or racism and inequality since 1958 race riots
24
Q

Notting Hill population

A
  • has previously had a large West Indian population following Windrush
25
Q

Negative opinions of Notting Hill through lived experience

A
  • gentrification is pushing out real people
  • area is becoming more expensive, large firms buying up properties to house overseas guests
  • area turning into Chelsea
  • lack of facilities for children
  • high levels of drug abuse
26
Q

Positive opinions of Notting Hill through lived experience

A
  • has retained multicultural roots despite gentrification
  • drugs and associated problems pushed up towards Harlesden
  • gentrification benefits wealthy residents
27
Q

UK population structure

A
  • population: 67million
  • population 100 years ago: 42million
  • 13% of population are migrants
  • 81% of population white British
28
Q

Why does London have the greatest net international migration?

A
  • international hub
  • often is point of arrival
  • variety of unskilled, semi-skilled, and professional job opportunities
  • large number of TNCs
  • historic migration leads to family connections
  • in the south where tertiary/quaternary/knowledge economies are growing
29
Q

Tensions over change - London docklands

A
  • tensions between new young professionals and original working class population
  • jobs created are not suitable for skill set of population
  • jobs mostly went to people moving into the area
  • new housing built was expensive apartments
30
Q

Opportunities from change - London docklands

A
  • improvements in infrastructure like the DLR (docklands light railway) and London city airport
  • 23,000 new homes
  • training schemes for local people
  • many major TNCs like HSBC have their HQ on the isle of dogs
31
Q

Olympics development - tensions

A
  • forced purchase orders (compensation paid)
  • increased house prices (increased by a third)
  • lack of social housing
  • broke up communities
  • only 20% of jobs created went to locals
32
Q

olympics development - opportunities

A
  • improvement in services and environment
  • aquatic centre, Westfield shopping centre, and Olympic stadium all boost economy of local area
  • derelict land removed and wetland areas created in Lea Valley area
  • 2 million tonnes of toxic soil removed, 4,000 trees planted
  • provides 3000 jobs
33
Q

change in rural cumbria - tensions

A
  • change to tourist based economy
  • increased house prices
  • second home ownership and loss of community
  • services not meeting the needs of local people
  • congestion
  • low-paid and seasonal employment - weekly earnings £50 below national average
34
Q

change in rural cumbria - opportunities

A
  • brings wealth and jobs to the area
  • farmers can diversify production
35
Q

change in Rural Lincolnshire - tensions

A
  • in migration of Eastern Europeans
  • pressure on services and housing
  • 40% of children have English as a second language
  • 25% of the 70,000 population are Eastern European
  • 21% of locals have negative attitudes to migration
36
Q

change in rural Lincolnshire - opportunities

A
  • lost cost productive labour in agricultural based economy
  • 500 Eastern Europeans working in Lincolnshire
37
Q

Ethnic diversity in Luton

A
  • place with largest proportion of ethnic minorities in UK, mostly South Asian
  • large Muslim population (20,000)
38
Q

Tensions in Luton

A
  • linked to Muslim extremism in the past through some members of population leaving for Syria
  • protests when members of the British army returned from Afghanistan
  • Number of Muslims in some area causing White British people to move elsewhere (white flight), leading to high levels of segregation
  • Britain First have held protest marches in Luton, leading to violent clashes
  • some residents feel that British culture and job opportunities are being lost due to influx of migrants
39
Q

Cornwall description

A
  • county in the South West
  • major towns include Newquay and St. Austell
  • only city and home to council headquarters is Truro
  • population is 565,000
  • contains different landscapes including beaches and moorlands
40
Q

Cornwall- Stakeholders

A
  • residents
  • farmers
  • business owners
  • educational institutions
  • county council
  • social services
  • EU
  • NGOs: Cornwall wildlife trust, Surfers against sewage
41
Q

Cornwall Stakeholders: farmers

A
  • Prices paid to farmers have not been enough to earn a decent living
  • Incomes fell sharply in the late 90s from £80,000 to £2500
  • Then increased back up to £12,500 in 2003
  • As an hourly rate, still less than the national minimum wage
42
Q

Cornwall Stakeholders: environmental groups

A
  • Cornwall wildlife trust manages over 50 nature reserves
  • Want to create a safe haven in which wildlife can thrive and spread
  • Charity that relies on membership and donations from their supporters and on the efforts of their 300 volunteers to help make cornwall wilder
  • Surfers against sewage found that only 14% of the UK rivers meet good environmental standards
  • UK water companies discharged sewage into the rivers over 200,000 times in 2019 alone
  • Say there is something very wrong about us polluting their habitat and pushing some species to the edge of extinction
43
Q

Cornwall Stakeholders: Cornwall council

A
  • Economy has grown and the gap in average wages has reduced
  • Many jobs are dependent on the visitor economy but there is an opportunity to grow a more diverse mix of jobs
  • Deep inequalities in health and wealth and cornwalls economy was one of the worst affected by the pandemic
  • Cornwall still remains one of the most deprived in the country
44
Q

Cornwall stakeholders: Social and health services

A
  • West cornwall is one of the county’s most remote area
  • Population is elderly
  • A shorter life expectancy and a greater likelihood of serious illness and disability
  • Increase in adults under 60 who suffer anxiety
  • Only 38% of west cornish villages have a doctor’s surgery and their opening hours vary
  • Access to transport for serious medical appointments is difficult
  • Buses to St Ives + Penzance only travel there 3or4 times a day

Edexcel A-Level Geography (16 decks)

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