Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

M2 NENTE Anatomy > 2.2 Biting, Chewing and Swallowing > Flashcards

2.2 Biting, Chewing and Swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures in the temporal fossa?

A
  • temporalis muscle (covered by the temporalis fascia [tight fascia])
  • superficial temporal artery (terminal branch of the ECA)
  • Auriculotemporal nerve (V3): supplies the skin over the temporal region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the structures of the infratemporal fossa?

A
  • medial & lateral pterygoid muscles (muscles of mastication, innervated by different parts of the mandibular nerve [V3])
  • mandibular nerve (V3)
  • maxillary artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the branches of the Mandibular Nerve (one of the sensory divisions of CNV)

A
  • From main trunk: muscular branches (motor to medial pterygoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini), meningeal branch (sensory)
  • Anterior division: masseteric nerve (motor), deep temporal nerves (motor), lateral pterygoid nerve (motor), buccal nerve (sensory)
  • Posterior division: auriculotemporal nerve (sensory), lingual nerve (sensory), inferior alveolar nerve (mixed; gives off mylohyoid nerve)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the branches of the maxillary artery (terminal branch of the ECA?

A
  • 1st part: anterior tympanic, deep auricular, middle meningeal, superior tympanic, accessory meningeal, inferior alveolar
  • 2nd part: anterior & posterior deep temporal, pterygoid branches, masseteric, buccinator
  • 3rd part: posterior superior alveolar, infraorbital, descending palatine, artery of pterygoid canal, sphenopalatine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa

A
  • anterior: maxilla
  • posterior: carotid sheath
  • medial: lateral pterygoid plate, wall of pharynx
  • lateral: ramus of mandible
  • roof: greater wing of sphenoid bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which part of the mandible is the attachment of the later pterygoid muscle?

A

pterygoid fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which part of the mandible leads to the mandibular canal; transmits the inferior alveolar (inferior dental) nerve (branch of V3) and vessels

A

Mandibular foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which part of the mandible lies superior to the mandibular foramen; attachment of the sphenomandibular ligament

A

Lingula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which part of the mandible contains sockets for teeth

A

Upper border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which part of the mandible transmits mental nerve and vessels

A

Mental foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which part of the mandible attaches the mylohyoid muscle

A

Mylohyoid groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which part of the mandible lies inferior to the mandibular foramen; attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle

A

Roughening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The TMJ is a synovial joint between the ________________ with the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone:
• Joint cavity separated by the fibrocartilaginous articular disc into two compartments
- innervation: ______________

A

condylar process of the mandible;

Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the movement of the upper compartment of the TMJ?

A

Gliding (protrusion/ retraction of mandible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the movement of the lower compartment of the TMJ?

A

Rotation (opening/closing of mouth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The stability of the temporomandibular joint is contributed by the following structures:

  • Capsule: Surrounds the joint and synovial cavity
  • lateral ligament: Strengthens the capsule; attached superiorly to the ___________ and inferiorly to the ________________
  • Stylomandibular ligament: Thickening of the _______________ (part of the capsule of the submandibular gland),runs from the styloid process to the ________________
  • sphenomandibular ligament: Runs from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the _______________
A

zygomatic arch;

posterior aspect of the neck of mandible;

investing layer of the deep cervical fascia;

mandibular arch;

lingula of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anterior dislocation of mandibular condyle: common condition where mandibular condyles are dislocated anterior to the respective mandibular fossae
• __________________ prevents mandibular condyle from relocating in mandibular fossa
• Dislocations can be reduced easily by pressing down the molar teeth → directs mandibular condyles back into the mandibular fossae (done with/without general anaesthesia)

A

Articular eminence/tubercle, masseter and temporalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Masseter

  • origin
  • insertion
  • function
  • innervation
A
  • zygomatic arch
  • ramus & angle of mandible
  • elevation
  • Sensory: auriculotemporal branch of V3; Motor: branches of V3 (anterior division)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Temporalis

  • origin
  • insertion
  • function
  • innervation
A
  • temporal fossa & fascia
  • coronoid process (tendon)
  • elevation, retraction
  • Sensory: auriculotemporal branch of V3; Motor: branches of V3 (anterior division)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Medial pterygoid

  • origin
  • insertion
  • function
  • innervation
A
  • Deep head: lateral pterygoid plate, superficial head: tuberosity of maxilla
  • ramus & angle of mandible
  • protrusion, elevation
  • Sensory: auriculotemporal branch of V3; Motor: main trunk of V3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lateral pterygoid

  • origin
  • insertion
  • function
  • innervation
A
  • Upper head: roof of infratemporal fossa (sphenoid bone), Lower head: maxilla
  • neck of mandible & articular disc of TMJ
  • Sensory: auriculotemporal branch of V3; Motor: branches of V3 (anterior division)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does grinding/ chewing require?

A

alternate retraction and protrusion of the mandible (alternating contraction of the pterygoids and masseter muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does opening the mouth require?

A

pterygoids, digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does closing the mouth involve?

A

Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, geniohyoid and digastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the main branches of the trigeminal nerve and what is it’s course?

A

The trigeminal nerve (CN V) has three main sensory divisions (branches from trigeminal ganglion) – ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), mandibular (V3):
• Course: exits the skull via the foramen ovale (in the sphenoid bone) → infratemporal fossa → splits into the anterior and posterior divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The anterior division of V3 is a mixed nerve (predominantly motor to muscles of mastication). What are it’s branches?

A

Sensory:
- Buccal nerve: skin over buccinator muscle (over chin and mucosa covering buccinators)

Motor nerve

  • Deep temporal nerves (temporalis)
  • nerve to lateral pterygoid
  • nerve to masseter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The posterior division of V3 is also a mixed nerve (predominantly sensory). What are its branches and what do they supply??

A

Sensory

  • inferior alveolar nerve: supplies the gums and teeth of mandible (incisive nerve), skin of chin and lower lip (mental nerve)
  • auriculotemporal nerve: supplies the skin of external ear, temporal fossa, part of the scalp
  • lingual nerve: supplies the general sensation from anterior two-thirds of the tongue

Mylohyoid nerve:
- supplies the mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the course of the inferior alveolar nerve

A

travels deep to the lateral pterygoid → mandibular foramen → mandibular canal → exits at mental foramen → branches into the mental nerve and incisive nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the course of the auriculotemporal nerve

A

arises from 2 roots enclosing the middle meningeal artery → runs backwards (winding around neck of mandible) → runs close/passes through parotid gland → temporal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the course of lingual nerve?

A

Course: joined by the chorda tympani nerve → runs anterior to inferior alveolar nerve → lies just below/behind the last molar tooth → submandibular region → oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mylohyoid nerve is a branch of?

A

inferior alveolar nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lingual neuropathy: lingual nerve (sensory branch of V 3 ) potentially damaged during dental procedures (especially last molar tooth extraction)

  • May result in damage to the chorda tympani nerve (CN VII) which runs with it
  • Causes loss of __________________
A

taste sensation , loss of general sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue and dry mouth (loss of secretomotor innervation to salivary glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the course of the maxillary artery?

A

ECA → parotid gland → maxillary artery (main terminal branch) and superficial temporal artery → behind neck of mandible → infratemporal fossa (superficial/deep to lateral pterygoid) → gives off branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the Middle Meningeal artery supply?
• Trauma to the lateral aspect of the skull results in injury to the MMA → epidural haematoma → compression of motor areas of the brain

A

Enters the cranial cavity via the foramen spinosum to supply the dura mater (lies deep to the pterion):

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the inferior alveolar artery supply?

A

Follows the inferior alveolar nerve to supply the gums and teeth of the mandible:
• Continues as the mental artery which supplies the chin and lower lip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the Posterior/middle/anterior superior alveolar artery supply?

A

Supplies the gum and the teeth of the maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the sphenopalatine artery supply?

A

Runs in the pterygopalatine fossa to supply the palate

38
Q

What does the infraorbital artery supply?

A

Supplies the orbital roof

39
Q

The pterygoid plexus is located around the pterygoid muscles and provides the venous drainage of the infratemporal fossa:
• Drains areas supplied by the maxillary artery and converge to drain into the ___________ → joins with the ____________ in the parotid gland to form the retromandibular vein
• Retromandibular vein exits the parotid gland and splits into anterior and posterior divisions
- Anterior: Joins with the _________ to form the common facial vein → empties into IJV
- Posterior: Joins with the ______________ → forms the EJV
• Communicates anteriorly with the facial vein via the __________
• Emissary veins communicate with the __________ through foramina in the base of the skull → clinical importance

Infections of maxillary tooth/danger triangle (upper lip to nose): may spread to the pterygoid plexus then to the cavernous sinus in the brain via the emissary veins forming thrombus etc.)

A

maxillary vein;

superficial temporal vein;

facial vein;

posterior auricular vein;

deep facial vein;

cavernous sinus

40
Q

The parotid glands are cone-shaped salivary glands which are located inferior to the ________________ and lies between the _____________ (anterior) and ______________ (posterior):
• Invested in dense inextensible fibrous capsule (from investing layer of deep cervical fascia)
o Enlargements/inflammation in the parotid gland (e.g. parotid gland stones) are painful as their growth is resisted by the capsule
• Parotid (Stensen’s) duct (5cm long): emerges from the anterior border of the gland → crosses the _______ → pierces the ___________ → opens into the oral
cavity (oral vestibule) opposite the second upper molar tooth

P arotid gland stones: may develop within the parotid duct –> blocks the passage of saliva into the oral cavity –> eating/producing saliva causes pain

A

external acoustic meatus;

ramus of mandible;

mastoid process and SCM;

masseter;

buccinator muscle

41
Q

What is the course of the facial nerve and what are its branches ?

A

Exits the cranial cavity via the stylomastoid foramen and enters the parotid gland (splits into 2 divisions):
• Splits into the 5 motor branches (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical) at the anterior border of the parotid gland

42
Q

Parotid gland tumours: masses within the parenchyma of the parotid gland may potentially compress the ______________________

A

facial nerve facial palsy ), retromandibular vein and ECA

43
Q

Frey’s syndrome: ___________________ of auriculotemporal nerve, causing the parasympathetic fibres to switch course
- Causes gustatory sweating (sweating in anticipation of eating) instead of the normal salivatory response

A

severance and inappropriate regeneration

44
Q

[Innervation of Parotid gland]
The parotid glands receive parasympathetic secretomotor fibres from the_________________ arising from the inferior salivatory nucleus:
• Preganglionic fibres run in CN IX and its ___________ to the tympanic plexus in the middle ear → ___________ nerve
• Synapse in the otic ganglion (below foramen ovale in relation to CN V3) → postganglionic fibres travels with the ________________ to the gland

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX);

tympanic branch;

lesser petrosal

auriculotemporal nerve

45
Q

SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS
The submandibular glands are hook-shaped (with superficial and deep parts), continuous around the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle:
- Superficial: Beneath the _______________ (outside oral cavity)
- Deep: Between the _____________ muscles medially/laterally (lies within the floor of the oral cavity)

• Submandibular (Wharton’s) duct: arises from the deep part of the gland and runs forward beneath the mucous membrane of the mouth → opens at the _____________ (on each side of frenulum of tongue)

A

inferior border of the ramus of mandible;

hyoglossus and mylohyoid;

sublingual papilla

46
Q

Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

  • function
  • pathology
A
  • Uplifting of the corners of lips

- Facial nerve palsy (drooping of lower lip, salivary drooling)

47
Q

hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

  • innervation
  • pathology
A
  • Innervates the muscles of the tongue (except the palatoglossus)
  • Paralysis of ipsilateral side of tongue
48
Q

Lingual nerve

  • course
  • pathology
A
  • Loops under the submandibular duct (crosses from lateral to medial side of the duct) → ascends into the tongue;
  • Loss of general sensation and taste in anterior two-thirds of tongue. Dry mouth (minor; most saliva produced from parotid glands)
49
Q

The sublingual glands lie beneath the mucous membrane (sublingual fold) of the floor of the oral cavity:
• Each gland lies directly against the _______________
• Sublingual ducts (8 – 20 in number) opens into the oral cavity along sublingual fold

A

medial surface of the body of mandible

50
Q

Both the submandibular and sublingual glands receive parasympathetic secretomotor fibres from the ________________ arising from the superior salivary nucleus (pons):
• Preganglionic fibres travel in CN VII → lingual nerve (CNV3) joins ______________ (CNVII) → synapse at the submandibular ganglion
• Submandibular glands: direct postganglionic innervation
• Sublingual glands: postganglionic fibres enter _______________ then separate

A

facial nerve (CN VII);

chorda tempeni nerve;

lingual nerve (V3)

51
Q

The oral cavity (mouth) opens into the face via the oral fissure (horizontal opening between the lips) and lies inferior to the nasal cavities:
• Continuous posteriorly with the pharynx at the oropharyngeal isthmus
• Divided into the ___________________ (cheek pouch; area between teeth, lips, and cheeks) and inner ________________ by the upper and lower dental arches

  • Roof: ___________________ (separate from nasal cavities)
  • Floor: ___________ (mainly occupied by the tongue), geniohyoid, salivary glands and ducts, tongue (connected to floor by frenulum of the tongue)
  • Lateral: Cheeks (formed by buccinator muscles; lined by oral mucous membrane) and retromolar trigones (mucosa posterior to last mandibular molar)

The oral cavity is the inlet to the alimentary canal, and serves three major functions:

  1. Digestion: receives food (prepares it for digestion in stomach and small intestines)
  2. Communication: modifies sound produced in larynx (creates a range of sounds)
  3. Breathing: air inlet (in addition to the nasal cavity)
A

outer oral vestibules;

oral cavity proper;

Hard (anterior) and soft (posterior) palates ;

Mylohyoid muscles

52
Q

Decidious teeth

  • Begin erupting about 6 months after birth; all erupted by the end of 2 years
  • Each half of each jaw contains ____________________

Permanent teeth

  • Begin erupting around 6 years; last tooth (M3/wisdom tooth) erupts by 17 – 30 years (sometimes do not form/erupt at all)
  • Each half of each jaw contains _______________________
A

5 deciduous teeth (2I, 1C, 2M) → 2 incisors (medial/lateral), 1 canine, 2 molars;

8 permanent teeth (2I, 1C, 2PM, 3M) → 2 incisors (medial/lateral), 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars

53
Q

Each tooth has a different shape and structure, but possess the same basic parts:

  • Crown: Part of the teeth above the gum (covered by ______________)
  • Root: Part fixed into the surface of the ___________ (root canal transmits nerves and vessels)
  • Neck: Area between the root and crown
A

enamel;

mandible/maxilla

54
Q

The tongue is composed chiefly of skeletal muscles (covered by mucous membrane):
• Anterior two-thirds (presulcal) lies in the mouth; posterior third (postsulcal) lies in the pharynx (divided by the _____________)
• Outline of the tongue is formed by the tip (apex) and the margin (lateral borders)
• Divided into the body and the root

A

sulcus terminalis

55
Q

What does the anterior dorsum of the tongue contain?

A

Contains lingual papillae (house the taste buds and taste receptors): • Papillae are classified by structure: filiform (most numerous; fine, small cone-shaped → no taste buds), fungiform (club-shaped), foliate (short vertical folds), circumvallate (dome-shaped)

56
Q

What does the posterior dorsum of the tongue contain?

A

Contains lingual tonsils (lymphatic nodules) and are devoid of papillae

57
Q

What does the underside of the tongue contain?

Underside of the tongue: Smooth and devoid of papillae; connected to the floor of the mouth by the frenulum of tongue (fold of mucous membrane)

A
  • Deep lingual vein: seen beside frenulum (deep to mucous membrane)
  • Submandibular duct: opens into the sublingual papillae (on each side of the base of the lingual frenulum)
  • Sublingual folds: sublingual glands lie beneath these folds
58
Q

Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia): congenital condition which restricts the tongue’s range of motion
• Due to an ________________ frenulum which tethers the bottom of the apex to the floor of the mouth
• May affect breastfeeding, development of speech and eating behaviours
• Correction: surgical incision of frenulum (frenotomy; frenuloplasty if additional repair required)

A

unusually short/tight/thick

59
Q

Genioglossus

  • origin
  • function
A
  • genial tubercle of mandible

- protrudes apex of the tongue

60
Q

hypoglossus (quadrangular muscle)

  • origin
  • function
A
  • hyoid bone

- depresses tongue

61
Q

styloglossus

  • origin
  • function
A
  • styloid process of base of skull

- draws tongue upwards and backwards

62
Q

patoglossus

  • origin
  • functions
A
  • soft palate

- elevates posterior tongue and constricts oropharyngeal isthmus

63
Q

function of superior longitudinal muscle of tongue?

A

curls tip and sides of tongue upwards

64
Q

function of inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue?

A

Curls tip and sides of tongue downwards

65
Q

function of transverse muscle of tongue?

A

Narrows and elongates the tongue

66
Q

function of vertical muscle of tongue?

A

Flattens and broadens the tongue

67
Q

what artery supplies the tongue and what are its branches ?

A

Lingual artery (branch of the ECA; identified in the neck by its characteristic loop) → runs deep to the hyoglossus towards the tongue:
• Gives off branches to the submandibular and sublingual glands
• Dorsal lingual arteries: supplies the back of the tongue
• Deep lingual artery: supplies deeper portions of the tongue

68
Q

What is the venous drainage of the tongue?

A

Deep lingual veins (adjacent to frenulum), sublingual vein and dorsal lingual veins all drain into the lingual vein (which then drains into the IJV)

69
Q

lymphatic drainage of tongue?

A

The lymph nodes of the tongue drain into the deep cervical nodes, which then drain into the jugular venous trunks and the venous angles

  • Lymph from the root of the tongue drains bilaterally into the superior deep cervical lymph nodes.
  • Lymph from the medial part of the body drains bilaterally and directly to the inferior deep cervical lymph nodes.
  • Lymph from the right and left lateral parts of body drains to the submandibular lymph nodes on the ipsilateral side.
  • The apex and frenulum drain to the submental lymph nodes, the medial portion draining bilaterally.
70
Q

general sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)

71
Q

taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

chorda tympani nerve (branch of CN VII)

72
Q

general sensation and taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

CN IX & internal laryngeal branch of CN X

73
Q

nerve in charge of gag reflex

A

CN IX (afferent) & CN X (efferent)

74
Q

motor innervation to the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except palatoglossus (supplied by cranial part of accessory nerve (CN XI) or vagus nerve (CN X))

75
Q

what is the route of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) arises from the medulla oblongata and leaves the skull via the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone:
• Runs between the ICA and IJV in the neck and crosses the ECA → passes deep to the mandible between the mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles to enter the tongue
• Supplies all the muscles of the tongue (except the palatoglossus muscle)

76
Q

Injury to CN XII:
may occur due to trauma from tonsillectomy, mandible fracture etc.
- Leads to paralysis and atrophy of ipsilateral side of the tongue
- tongue deviation to paralysed side during protrusion (due to action of the _________________)

A

unaffected genioglossus muscle on the other side

77
Q

location of nasopharynx

A

Behind nasal cavity (base of skull to soft palate)

78
Q

location of oropharynx

A

Behind oral cavity (uvula to level of hyoid bone)

79
Q

location of laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

A

Behind larynx (oropharynx to oesophagus)

80
Q

The nasopharynx communicates anteriorly with the nasal cavity via the 2 choanae (posterior nasal apertures):

  • Anterior: Hard palate (made of bone) and soft palate (made of skeletal muscle) → separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
  • Roof + posterior :Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid when enlarged) are found in the roof and posterior wall (under the ________________):
    • Prominent in children and atrophies with age
    • Blocks posterior nasal aperture if too big → difficulty breathing
  • Lateral
    • Auditory (Eustachian) tube opening: connects nasopharynx with middle ear and helps equalise pressure on either side of ______________
    • Tubal elevation: contains tubal tonsils (lymphoid tissue)
    • Salpingopharyngeal fold: continuous with tubal elevation (formed by the salpingopharyngeal muscle)
    • Pharyngeal recess: behind the tubal elevation
A

sphenoid bone in the mucous membrane;

tympanic membrane

81
Q

what are important relations to the oropharynx?

A

CN IX, tonsillar branch of facial artery, palatine veins
o During tonsillectomies, must be careful not to cut CN IX and the highly vascular tonsils (results in severe bleeding → tie off ECA to stop if too severe)

82
Q

The pharyngeal wall is made of skeletal muscles (constrictor or longitudinal), fibrous tissue, and lined by mucous membrane:
The constrictor muscles include the superior, middle, inferior constrictors which overlap each other to support the pharynx:
• Inferior constrictor is divided into the _________________ and ____________________
• Cricopharyngeus forms a constriction around the junction between the pharynx and oesophagus (almost always closed; except during swallowing) → narrowest part
• Gaps between muscles are filled with fibrous tissue and allow for the passage of nerves, blood vessels through pharyngeal wall

A

thyropharyngeus (arises from thyroid cartilage) and cricopharyngeus (arises from cricoid cartilage);

83
Q

Zenker’s diverticulum: protrusion of the mucous membrane through the weak area (gap between __________________) due to increased pressure in distal pharynx

  • Pseudodiverticulum not involving all layers of the oesophageal wall
  • Presents with dysphagia , trapping of food (causing regurgitation, cough, halitosis, infection ), but rarely causes pain
A

thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus

84
Q

what is the pharynx supplied by?

A

The pharynx is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus (formed by branches from CN X (motor) and CN IX (sensory + motor for stylopharyngeus)):
• All pharyngeal muscles are innervated by CN X (except stylopharyngeus)
• Sensory innervation: CN V2 (nasopharynx), CN IX (oropharynx), CN X (laryngopharynx)

85
Q

what are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

what are their insertion and function?

A

salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus;

Posterior border of thyroid cartilage (run downwards and join the pharyngeal wall);

Elevation of pharyngeal wall (pulls wall up and over the bolus during swallowing)

86
Q

what are the 5 muscles of soft palate?

A

tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus, musculus uvulae

87
Q

tensor veli palatini

  • function
  • innervation
A
  • tenses the soft palate

- Medial pterygoid nerve (a branch of mandibular nerve, CN V3) via otic ganglion

88
Q

levator veli palatini

  • function
  • innervation
A
  • Elevation of soft palate and closes the nasopharynx (prevents food from entering from the oropharynx during swallowing)
  • Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus
89
Q

Palatopharyngeus

  • function
  • innervation
A
  • Closes nasopharynx (posterior wall of pharynx pulled forward) along with soft palate
  • Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus
90
Q

Palatoglossus

  • function
  • innervation
A
  • Narrows oropharyngeal isthmus (squeezes food from oral cavity into oropharynx during swallowing)
  • Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus
91
Q

Musculus uvulae

  • function
  • innervation
A
  • Moves uvula

- Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus

92
Q

The process of swallowing is divided into the voluntary and involuntary parts:

Voluntary portion of swallowing:

  1. __________ contracts: pulls root of tongue upwards and backwards → pushes bolus voluntarily against the hard palate
  2. ______________ contracts: squeezes bolus into the oropharynx
  3. Simultaneous soft palate elevation, superior constrictor and palatopharyngeus muscles: posterior wall of pharynx pulled forward → closure of nasopharynx (prevents food from entering the nose) Involuntary portion of swallowing (once bolus enters oropharynx):
  4. Larynx and laryngopharynx pulled upwards by the longitudinal muscles of pharynx → laryngeal inlet closed by the epiglottis (food enters the laryngopharynx)
  5. Successive contraction of constrictors: pushes the bolus down towards oesophagus
  6. Cricopharyngeus relaxes: bolus enters the oesophagus
A

Stylopharyngeus;

Palatoglossus

M2 NENTE Anatomy (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions