2.2 Biological Macromolecules

Question 1

Organic Chemistry

Answer 1

The study of carbon compounds

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

The web of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism (combination of anabolism and catabolism)

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules (e.g. dehydration synthesis)

Question 4

Catabolism

Answer 4

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules (e.g. hydrolysis)

Question 5

Macromolecules

Answer 5

Large polymers made of smaller monomers

Question 6

Name 4 macromolecules

Answer 6

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Question 6

Polymer

Answer 6

Monomers joined together

Question 7

Hydrocarbon

Answer 7

An organic compound composed of hydrogen and carbon (non-polar/hydrophobic)

Question 8

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 8

A chemical reaction that combines molecules following the removal of water

Question 9

Hydrolysis

Answer 9

A chemical reaction where water molecules break down polymers, cleaving off one monomer at a time (reverse of dehydration synthesis)

Question 10

Monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

Answer 10

Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides (cellulose etc.)

Question 10

Name 2 features of hydrolysis

Answer 10

Requires enzymes and releases energy (ATP -> ADP)

Question 10

Carbohydrate

Answer 10

C6H12O6

Question 11

Bonds in carbohydrates

Answer 11

Glycosidic bond

Question 12

Name 3 lipid groups

Answer 12

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Question 12

Function of polysaccharides

Answer 12

Energy storage (starch in plants and glycogen in animals) and structure (cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods)

Question 13

Features of lipids

Answer 13

Form long hydrocarbon chains (H-C), very non-polar, do not form polymers (in monomers as fatty acids and glycerol)

Question 13

2 functions of lipids

Answer 13

Long-term energy storage and structural components in cells

Question 14

Bond in lipids

Answer 14

Ester bond

Question 15

Function of fats

Answer 15

Energy storage, cushions organs, insulates body

Question 16

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

Answer 16

Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds

Question 17

Features of saturated fats

Answer 17

Straight and long chains, solid at room temperature, most animal fats

Question 18

Features of unsaturated fats

Answer 18

Liquid at room temperature, kinks from double bonds prevent tight packing, most plant and fish oils

Question 18

Structure of triglycerides

Answer 18

A glycerol backbone esterified with three fatty acids

Question 18

Structure of phospholipids

Answer 18

A glycerol molecule and two fatty acids

Question 18

Structure of steroids

Answer 18

4 fused carbon rings

Question 19

Function of cholesterol

Answer 19

Helps keep cell membranes fluid and flexible