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GCSE BIOLOGY > 2.2 Animal Tissues, Organs and Systems > Flashcards

2.2 Animal Tissues, Organs and Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What substance carries the different components of blood around the body?

A

Plasma

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2
Q

What substances are transported by plasma ?

A

• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
• Carbon dioxide
• Urea
• Products of digestion

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3
Q

What is plasma ?

A

A yellow liquid within blood that transports substances around the body

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4
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells in blood ?

A

Transport of oxygen around the body

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5
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A

• Biconcave shape - increased surface area to volume ratio.
• No nucleus - more room for haemoglobin to bind to oxygen.
• Contain haemoglobin - binds to oxygen.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells in blood ?

A

They form part of the immune system , which protects the body from invading pathogens

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7
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for their function ?

A

• Have a nucleus - contains DNA which codes for proteins
• Can produce antibodies
• Can produce antitoxins
• Can engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)

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8
Q

What is the purpose of platelets in blood ?

A

Platelets are small cell fragments which aid the clotting of blood at the site of a wound.

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9
Q

Why is the function of platelets inportant ?

A

• Platelets aid in the process of blood clotting .
prevents bacteria from entering the wound.

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10
Q

What is coronary heart disease ?

A

Coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked with a buildup of fatty material.
This restricts the supply of oxygen to the heart, possibly leading to a heart attack or death.

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11
Q

What is a stent and how does it work ?

A

A stent is a metal mesh tube that is inserted into a blocked artery so that it remains open.
The stent is inflated using a balloon, which is later removed to allow blood to flow freely.

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12
Q

What are the adv and disadvantages of stents ?

A

Advantages
• Insertion can be carried out without general anaesthetic
• Quick recovery time
• Lower the risk of a heart attack
Disadvantages
Risk of postoperative infection
• Risk of blood clots at site of stent

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13
Q

What are statins ?

A

Statins are drugs which reduce the level of LDL (bad) cholesterol which contributes to the development of coronary heart disease.

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14
Q

What are the adv and disadvantages of statins ?

A

Advantages
• Reduce risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
• Increase level of HDL (good) cholesterol
Disadvantages
• Have to be taken continuously
• May have side effects
• Effect may not be immediate

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15
Q

What is a heart bypass surgery ?

A

A surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with sections of veins taken from other parts of the body.

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16
Q

What are the consequences of leaky heart valves?

A

Blood flows in the wrong direction, causing the heart to become less efficient. Patients may become breathless and die as a result.

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17
Q

What type of valves can replace leaky valves?

A

• Mechanical - made of metal or polymers
• Biological - taken from animals (pigs, sometimes humans)

18
Q

What are the adv and disadvantages of mechanical valves?

A

Advantages
• Last for a very long time
Disadvantages
• Need to take medication to prevent blood clotting around valve

19
Q

What are the advand disadvantages of biological valves?

A

Advantages
• Work very well - no medication required
Disadvantages
• Only lasts 12-15 years

20
Q

What is the purpose of an artificial heart ?

A

Artificial hearts are intended to support a patient’s heart while they wait for a suitable donor heart.

21
Q

What are the adv and disadvantages of artificial hearts ?

A

Advantages
• Less likely to be rejected by immune system
• Allows damaged heart to rest to help recovery
Disadvantages
• Risk of infection due to surgery
• Risk of blood clots
• Have to take blood-thinning drugs

22
Q

What is health ?

A

Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

23
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by a pathogen which can be transmitted from one person to another eg. The flu

24
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease the can not be transmitted from person to person eg. Cancer

25
How can diet affect health ?
• Too little food / lack of nutrition - anaemia, vitamin deficiencies. • Too much food / too much unhealthy food - obesity, type 2 diabetes.
26
How can stress affect health ?
Prolonged stress is linked to a wide range of health problems including heart diseases, cancers and mental health issues.
27
How can life situations affect health ?
Many life factors such as location, gender, financial status, ethnic group and healthcare provision can impact a person's mental and physical health.
28
Give examples of how health problems can interact
• Infection with certain viruses can lead to cancer eg. hepatitis infections can lead to liver cancer. • A compromised immune system (eg. due to cancer) can lead to a higher risk of infection with communicable diseases. • Immune reactions caused by a pathogen can trigger allergic reactions. • Problems with physical health can lead to mental health issues.
29
What is a risk factor ?
A risk factor is an aspect of a person's lifestyle or a substance found in the body or the environment which can increase the risk of a disease.
30
What is a casual mechanism ?
A mechanism which demonstrates how one factor boilogically influences another
31
How do diet , smoking and exercise affect the development of cardiovascular disease?
• Diet: high levels of LDL cholesterol causes arteries to become blocked, increasing blood pressure and the risk of a heart attack. • Smoking: nicotine increases heart rate; other chemicals damage the artery lining and increase blood pressure. • Exercise: lowers blood pressure, reducing strain on the heart.
32
How does obesity affect the development of Type 2 diabetes ?
• Obesity is strongly linked with the onset of type 2 diabetes - a disease in which the body stops responding to insulin.
33
How does alcohol affect liver and brain function ?
• Excessive long-term alcohol use may lead to liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver). • Increases risk of liver cancer. • Damages brain tissue and nerve cells.
34
How does smoking affect the development of lung disease and lung cancer?
• Tar in tobacco can damage the alveoli of the lungs, leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). • Tar also damages the cells which line the lungs, leading to lung cancer.
35
How do smoking and alcohol affect unborn babies ?
• Carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen the foetus receives, which can lead to premature birth or stillbirth. • Alcohol passes across the placenta and damages the developing foetus. Once born, the baby may have a number of deformities and health problems as part of foetal alcohol syndrome.
36
How do carcinogens affect the development of cancer ?
lonising radiation is a type of carcinogen which can cause mutations in DNA, potentially leading to cancer.
37
What is cancer ?
Cancer is the development of a tumour as a result of uncontrolled cell division.
38
What is a benign tumour ?
• A tumour that is contained in one location, usually within a membrane. • They are not cancerous and do not invade other parts of the body. • Can grow large very quickly - may cause damage to another organ.
39
What is a malignant tumour ?
• A tumour that can spread around the body via the blood and lymphatic system. • Can invade other tissues (metastasis). • Cells divide more rapidly and have a longer lifespan. • Disrupts healthy tissues and may lead to death.
40
Give examples of factors which can lead to cancer
• Genetics - certain genes increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer • Smoking • Obesity • lonising radiation - UV light and X-rays • Viral infections - HPV and cervical cancer
41
What are villi ?
Villi are cells in your small intestine which absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. Their hair-like shape means they have a large surface area, maximising the rate of absorption. They contain microvilli which increases the surface area of the cell, usually for absorption
42
What is carcinogens ?
Chemicals and other agents that can cause cancer

GCSE BIOLOGY (15 decks)

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