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GCSE BIOLOGY > 1. cell Biology > Flashcards

1. cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells ?

A

-Eukaryotic (plant and animal)
-Prokaryotic (bateria)

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2
Q

What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells ?

A

Prokaryotic cells (bacterial cells) are much smaller than eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells).
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound-organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material, while prokaryotes do not.

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3
Q

How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Found free within the cytoplasm as:
• Chromosomal DNA (single large loop of circular DNA)
• Plasmid DNA
- NOT ENCLOSED BY A NUCLEUS

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4
Q

What are plasmids ?

A

Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA.
• Carry genes that provide genetic advantages e.g. antibiotic resistance.

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5
Q

What is order of magnitude ?

A

A power to the base 10 used to quantify and compare size

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6
Q

What is a centimetre (cm) ?

A

1 × 10^-2 metres

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7
Q

What is a millimetre (mm)?

A

1 × 10^-3 metres

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8
Q

What is a micrometre (um)?

A

1 × 10^-6 metres

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9
Q

What is a nanometre (nm)?

A

1 × 10^-9 metres

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10
Q

List the components of both plant and animal cells (5)

A

• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes

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11
Q

List the additional cell components found only in plant cells (3)

A

• Chloroplasts
• Permanent vacuole
• Cell wall

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12
Q

Other than storing genetic information , what is the function of the nucleus ?

A

Controls cellular activities

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A

• Fluid component of the cell.
• Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients.

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14
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm ?

A

Site of cellular reactions e.g. first stage of respiration.

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15
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell.

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16
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria ?

A

Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced

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17
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes ?

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation for the synthesis of proteins.

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18
Q

What is the plant cell wall made of ?

A

Cellulose

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19
Q

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

A

-Provides strength
-Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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20
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain ?

A

Cell sap ( a solution of salts , sugars and organic acids).

21
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole ?

A

Supports the cells ,maintaining its turgidity

22
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts ?

A

Site of photosynthesis

23
Q

Describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function ?

A

• Haploid nucleus contains genetic information.
• Tail enables movement.
• Mitochondria provides energy for tail movement.
• Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane.

24
Q

Describe how nerve cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

• Long axon allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system.
• Dendrites from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles and glands.
• Myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell.

25
Q

Describe how muscle cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

• Arrangement of protein filaments allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction.
• Mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction.

26
Q

Describe how root hair cells in plants are adapted to their function

A

• Large surface area to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil.
• Thin walls that do not restrict water absorption.

27
Q

Describe how xylem cells in plants are adapted to their function

A

• No upper or lower margins between cells to provide a continuous route for water to flow.
Thick, woody side walls strengthen their structure and prevent collapse.
Strengthened by a substance called lignin

28
Q

Describe how phloem cells in plants are adapted to their function

A

• Sieve plates let dissolved amino acids and sugars be transported up and down the stem.
• Companion cells provide energy needed for active transport of substances along the phloem.

29
Q

What is cell differentiation ?

A

The process by which cells become specialised

30
Q

Why is cell differentiation important ?

A

Allows production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the human body.

31
Q

At what point in their life cycle do most animal cells differentiate ?

A

Early in their life cycle

32
Q

For how long do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate ?

A

Throughout their entire life cycle

33
Q

What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals ?

A

Repair and replacement of cells

34
Q

What changes does a cell go through as it differentiates ?

A

Becomes specialised to enable a specific function to be performed by the cell.

35
Q

Define magnification

A

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the real object

36
Q

Define resolution ?

A

The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

37
Q

How does a light microscope work ?

A

Passes a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed.

38
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes (4)

A

• Inexpensive
• Easy to use
• Portable
• Observe both dead and living specimens

39
Q

What is the disadvantage of light microscopes?

A

Limited resolution

40
Q

How does an electron microscope work ?

A

It uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets. The electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light, producing an image.

41
Q

What is the advantage of electron microscopes ?

A

Greater magnification

42
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution ?

A

They use a beam of electrons which has a shorter wavelength than photons of light.

43
Q

How have electron microscopes enabled scientists to develop their understanding of cells ?

A

• Allow small sub-cellular structures (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes) to be observed in detail.
• Enable scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to function.

44
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes ?(4)

A

• Expensive
• Large so less portable
• Require training to use
• Only dead specimens can be observed

45
Q

How can magnification be calculated ?

A

Magnification = size of image / size of real object

46
Q

What is standard form?

A

A way of expressing numbers - written as a figure between 1 and 10 multiplied by a positive or negative power of 10.

47
Q

Write 0.005 in standard form

A

0.005 = 5 × 10^-3

48
Q

Write 10383 in standard form

A

10382 = 1.0382 x 10^4

GCSE BIOLOGY (15 decks)

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