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GCSE BIOLOGY > 1. cell Biology > Flashcards

1. cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells ?

A

-Eukaryotic (plant and animal)
-Prokaryotic (bateria)

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2
Q

What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells ?

A

Prokaryotic cells (bacterial cells) are much smaller than eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells).
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound-organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material, while prokaryotes do not.

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3
Q

How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Found free within the cytoplasm as:
• Chromosomal DNA (single large loop of circular DNA)
• Plasmid DNA
- NOT ENCLOSED BY A NUCLEUS

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4
Q

What are plasmids ?

A

Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA.
• Carry genes that provide genetic advantages e.g. antibiotic resistance.

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5
Q

What is order of magnitude ?

A

A power to the base 10 used to quantify and compare size

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6
Q

What is a centimetre (cm) ?

A

1 × 10^-2 metres

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7
Q

What is a millimetre (mm)?

A

1 × 10^-3 metres

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8
Q

What is a micrometre (um)?

A

1 × 10^-6 metres

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9
Q

What is a nanometre (nm)?

A

1 × 10^-9 metres

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10
Q

List the components of both plant and animal cells (5)

A

• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes

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11
Q

List the additional cell components found only in plant cells (3)

A

• Chloroplasts
• Permanent vacuole
• Cell wall

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12
Q

Other than storing genetic information , what is the function of the nucleus ?

A

Controls cellular activities

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A

• Fluid component of the cell.
• Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients.

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14
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm ?

A

Site of cellular reactions e.g. first stage of respiration.

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15
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell.

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16
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria ?

A

Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced

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17
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes ?

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation for the synthesis of proteins.

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18
Q

What is the plant cell wall made of ?

A

Cellulose

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19
Q

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

A

-Provides strength
-Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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20
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain ?

A

Cell sap ( a solution of salts , sugars and organic acids).

21
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole ?

A

Supports the cells ,maintaining its turgidity

22
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts ?

A

Site of photosynthesis

23
Q

Describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function ?

A

• Haploid nucleus contains genetic information.
• Tail enables movement.
• Mitochondria provides energy for tail movement.
• Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane.

24
Q

Describe how nerve cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

• Long axon allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system.
• Dendrites from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles and glands.
• Myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell.

25
Describe how muscle cells in animals are adapted to their function
• Arrangement of protein filaments allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction. • Mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction.
26
Describe how root hair cells in plants are adapted to their function
• Large surface area to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil. • Thin walls that do not restrict water absorption.
27
Describe how xylem cells in plants are adapted to their function
• No upper or lower margins between cells to provide a continuous route for water to flow. Thick, woody side walls strengthen their structure and prevent collapse. Strengthened by a substance called lignin
28
Describe how phloem cells in plants are adapted to their function
• Sieve plates let dissolved amino acids and sugars be transported up and down the stem. • Companion cells provide energy needed for active transport of substances along the phloem.
29
What is cell differentiation ?
The process by which cells become specialised
30
Why is cell differentiation important ?
Allows production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the human body.
31
At what point in their life cycle do most animal cells differentiate ?
Early in their life cycle
32
For how long do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate ?
Throughout their entire life cycle
33
What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals ?
Repair and replacement of cells
34
What changes does a cell go through as it differentiates ?
Becomes specialised to enable a specific function to be performed by the cell.
35
Define magnification
The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the real object
36
Define resolution ?
The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished
37
How does a light microscope work ?
Passes a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed.
38
What are the advantages of light microscopes (4)
• Inexpensive • Easy to use • Portable • Observe both dead and living specimens
39
What is the disadvantage of light microscopes?
Limited resolution
40
How does an electron microscope work ?
It uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets. The electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light, producing an image.
41
What is the advantage of electron microscopes ?
Greater magnification
42
Why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution ?
They use a beam of electrons which has a shorter wavelength than photons of light.
43
How have electron microscopes enabled scientists to develop their understanding of cells ?
• Allow small sub-cellular structures (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes) to be observed in detail. • Enable scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to function.
44
What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes ?(4)
• Expensive • Large so less portable • Require training to use • Only dead specimens can be observed
45
How can magnification be calculated ?
Magnification = size of image / size of real object
46
What is standard form?
A way of expressing numbers - written as a figure between 1 and 10 multiplied by a positive or negative power of 10.
47
Write 0.005 in standard form
0.005 = 5 × 10^-3
48
Write 10383 in standard form
10382 = 1.0382 x 10^4

GCSE BIOLOGY (15 decks)

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