2.2

Question 1

Operational definitions

Answer 1

State how to measure or produce a phenomenon.

Question 2

Sampling

Answer 2

Psychologists pick samples of people that apply to a large pop (representative, random, or cross-cultural)

Question 3

Naturalistic observation

Answer 3

Provided descriptions of humans or other species under natural conditions

Question 4

Case histories

Answer 4

Detailed research study of a single individual with unusual characteristics.

Question 5

Surveys

Answer 5

Report of people’s answers on a questionnaire

Easy conduct

Easily mislead results

Question 6

Correlations

Answer 6

Examines relationship between variables that are outside the investigator’s control

Strength is measured from 0 (no relationship) to +1 or -1

Question 7

Illusory correlations

Answer 7

Beware of these

Relationships that people think they observe between variables after casual observation

Question 8

Inferring causation

Answer 8

A correlational study cannot uncover cause and effect relationships, but an experiment can.

Question 9

Experiments

Answer 9

Includes ind/dep variable and control/experimental group

Question 10

Before and after study

Answer 10

Leads to results that are hard to interpret. Better to compare results from different groups

Question 11

Demand characteristics

Answer 11

Researchers try to minimize the effects of demand characteristics which are the cues that tell participants what the experimenter expects them to do

Question 12

Ethics of experimentation

Answer 12

• informed consent

- minimize risks to the participants