2.1.2m ATP

Question 1

What is cell respiration

Answer 1

The controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

Question 2

What is the main organic compound used for cell respiration

Answer 2

Carbohydrates (glucose), although lipids & proteins can also be digested

Question 3

2 types of cell respiration

Answer 3

• Anaerobic respiration
• Aerobic respiration

Question 4

What is anaerobic respiration

Answer 4

Involves the partial breakdown of glucose in the cytosol for a small yield of ATP

Question 5

What is aerobic respiration

Answer 5

Utilises oxygen to completely break down glucose in the mitochondria for a larger ATP yield

Question 6

Word equation for respiration

Answer 6

Glucose + Oxygen –> CO2 + Water + Energy

Question 7

Symbol equation for respiration

Answer 7

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 8

What is ATP

Answer 8

Adenosine triphosphate is the energy-carrying molecule that provides the energy to drive many processes inside living cells

Question 9

Structure of ATP

Answer 9

• ATP is another type of nucleic acid & hence it is structurally very similar to the nucleotides that make up DNA & RNA
• One molecule of ATP contains 3 covalently linked phosphate groups - which store potential energy in their bonds

Question 10

ATP and phosphate groups

Answer 10

Adenosine (a nucleotide) can be combined with 1, 2 or 3 phosphate groups:
- 1 phosphate group = Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
- 2 phosphate groups = Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
- 3 phosphate groups = Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 11

5 points

What do PLANTS need energy for

Answer 11

• Photosynthesis
• Active Transport (eg. to take in minerals via their roots)
• DNA replication
• Cell division
• Protein synthesis

Question 12

6 points

What do ANIMALS need energy for

Answer 12

• Muscle contraction
• Maintenance of body temp
• Active Transport
• DNA replication
• Cell division
• Protein synthesis

Question 13

How do plants get energy

Answer 13

Plants can’t get energy from glucose directly. It needs to be released from the glucose through respiration. This makes ATP

Question 14

see slide 6-8 for dia of ATP

Question 15

Functions of ATP

Answer 15

• ATP is the energy currency for the cell
• ATP stores energy for the cell & releases it when energy is needed

Question 16

When does ATP break down

Answer 16

ATP breaks down when there is a demand for energy

Question 17

Reaction for ATP

Answer 17

ADP + Pi + Energy <–> ATP

This reaction is reversible & is catalysed by the enzymes ATPase & ATP synthase

Question 18

ATP is a…

Answer 18

…phosphorylated nucleotide

Question 19

What happens when ATP is hydrolysed

Answer 19

When ATP is hydrolysed (to form ADP + Pi) the energy stored in the phosphate bond is released to be used by the cell

Question 20

Cell respiration linked with ATP

Answer 20

Cell respiration uses energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP from ADP + Pi (via oxidation)

Question 21

see slide 11 for dia of ATP & ADP

Question 22

BANGME

Uses of ATP

Answer 22

Biochemical processes that utilise ATP include:
- Biosynthesis of macromolecules (eg. polymer assembly)
- Active transport (eg. endocytosis/exocytosis)
- Nerve transmission (eg. propagation of action potentials)
- Growth & repair (eg. mitotic division)
- Movement (eg. muscle contraction)
- Emission of light (eg. bioluminescence)

Question 23

6 Points

WHY is ATP a good energy source

Answer 23

1. Stores or releases small amounts of energy at a time so no energy is wasted as heat
2. Can transfer energy by transferring a phosphate group
3. Small & soluble - easily transported around the cell
4. Easily broken down so energy can be released easily/rapidly
5. Can’t pass out of a cell so the cell always has a supply of energy
6. It can be quickly re-made. ADP+Pi–>ATP

Question 24

Formation of ATP

Answer 24

ATP is synthesised via a condensation reaction between:
- ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
- an inorganic phosphate (Pi)

The energy needed to create ATP from ADP can come from the breakdown of glucose in respiration (dia on slide 14,16)

Question 25

How does ATP work

Answer 25

• ATP diffuses to the part of the cell that needs energy
• Here, it is hydrolysed back into ADP & inorganic phosphate (Pi). Chemical energy is released from the phosphate bond & used by the cell. ATP hydrolase catalyses this reaction
• The ADP & inorganic phosphate are recycled & the process starts again

Question 26

When does ATP form

Answer 26

ATP forms when chemical reactions release sufficient energy to bond a third phosphate group to ADP
(slide 20)