2.1.2 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES [PART 2] Flashcards
What are the four main types of biological molecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides.
True or False: Lipids are soluble in water.
False.
Fill in the blank: Proteins are made up of ______.
Amino acids.
What type of bond links amino acids together?
Peptide bonds.
What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
Storage and transmission of genetic information.
Which carbohydrate serves as the main energy source for cells?
Glucose.
Name the two types of nucleic acids.
DNA and RNA.
True or False: Enzymes are a type of lipid.
False.
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotide.
Which functional group is characteristic of alcohols?
Hydroxyl group (-OH).
What type of lipid is used for long-term energy storage?
Triglycerides.
What is the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
Fill in the blank: The sequence of ______ in a protein determines its function.
Amino acids.
What is the role of ATP in biological systems?
ATP acts as the primary energy carrier in cells.
Which carbohydrate is a structural component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose.
What is the function of enzymes in biological reactions?
Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
True or False: DNA is single-stranded.
False.
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids.
Fill in the blank: The basic structure of a nucleotide includes a sugar, a phosphate group, and a ______.
Nitrogenous base.
What is the primary role of carbohydrates in living organisms?
To provide energy.
Which type of bond forms between two sugar molecules in disaccharides?
Glycosidic bond.
What is the main characteristic of phospholipids?
They have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
True or False: All proteins are enzymes.
False.
What is the process called when proteins lose their three-dimensional structure?
Denaturation.
Fill in the blank: The primary structure of a protein is determined by its ______ sequence.
Amino acid.
Which type of RNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?
mRNA (messenger RNA).
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose.
Name a type of protein that helps with muscle contraction.
Actin or myosin.
Which molecule is known as the ‘energy currency’ of the cell?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
True or False: Lipids are primarily used for immediate energy.
False.
What is a polymer?
A large molecule composed of repeating subunits called monomers.
Fill in the blank: The ______ structure of proteins is formed by the folding and twisting of the polypeptide chain.
Secondary.
What type of carbohydrate is formed by the linkage of many glucose molecules?
Starch.
What is the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?
Cholesterol helps to maintain membrane fluidity.
True or False: Glycogen is a form of carbohydrate storage in animals.
True.
What is the function of ribosomes in cells?
Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
Fill in the blank: Enzymes lower the ______ of a chemical reaction.
Activation energy.
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA.
What is a common example of a polysaccharide?
Starch, glycogen, or cellulose.
True or False: All lipids are fats.
False.
What is the main function of structural proteins?
To provide support and shape to cells and tissues.
Which type of bond is formed between two nucleotides in a DNA strand?
Phosphodiester bond.
Fill in the blank: The ______ structure of a protein is its overall three-dimensional shape.
Tertiary.
What is the primary role of lipids in the body?
Energy storage, insulation, and making up cell membranes.
True or False: All enzymes are proteins.
True.
What type of reaction forms polymers from monomers?
Condensation reaction.
Fill in the blank: The ______ structure of proteins consists of multiple polypeptide chains.
Quaternary.
What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
To carry genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Which molecule is formed by the dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides?
Disaccharide.
True or False: Proteins can function as hormones.
True.
What is the term for the specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds?
Active site.
Fill in the blank: The basic unit of a lipid is a ______.
Fatty acid.
What is the function of transport proteins in the cell membrane?
To facilitate the movement of substances across the membrane.
What is a common function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
To provide energy and serve as structural components.
True or False: RNA can be double-stranded.
False.
What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
They play a role in cell recognition and signaling.
Fill in the blank: The ______ of a protein is determined by the sequence of its amino acids.
Function.
What is the primary function of triglycerides?
Long-term energy storage.
True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.
False.
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide.
Fill in the blank: The ______ structure of a protein is maintained by hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges.
Tertiary.
What is the role of nucleotides in nucleic acids?
Nucleotides serve as the building blocks of DNA and RNA.
True or False: Saturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature.
False.
What is the role of collagen in the body?
Collagen provides structural support in connective tissues.
What type of reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?
Hydrolysis reaction.
Fill in the blank: The ______ structure of proteins consists of the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
Primary.
What is the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?
Enzymes facilitate and regulate biochemical reactions.
True or False: All carbohydrates are sweet to taste.
False.
What is the main component of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids.
What is the term for the storage form of glucose in animals?
Glycogen.
Fill in the blank: The ______ structure of a protein is formed when multiple polypeptide chains interact.
Quaternary.
