2.10 Flashcards
local regulators
a secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted (eg growth factors)
growth factors
compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide. a type of local regulator
paracrine signaling
a signaling cell acts on nearby target cells by secreting molecules of a local regulator (eg, growth factor)
- a type of local signaling
synaptic signaling
nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell - a specialized type of local signaling
endocrine (hormonal) signaling
specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often blood. Hormones reach most boy cells, but are bound by and affect only some cells
- form of long-distance signaling
hormones
one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body, changing the target cells’ functioning. - part of long-distance signaling
contact dependent signaling
signaling that requires the cells to be close or touching
3 stages of a cell-to-cell message
reception, transduction, response
reception
the binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor protein, activating the receptor by causing it to change shape.
transduction
step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. usually requires a signal transduction pathway
signal transduction pathway
series of step linking a mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulus to a specific cellular response
response
the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell
G protein-coupled receptor
GCPR a signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein. Also called a G protein-linked receptor
g protein
a GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell
ligand
a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one
ligand-gated ion channel
a transmembrane protein containing a pore that opens or closes as ti changes shape in response to a signaling molecule (ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions’ also called and ionotropic receptor
protein kinase
an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from atp to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein
phosphorylation cascade
a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes (kinases), in which each kinase in turn phosphylates and activates another, ultimately leading to phosphorylation of many proteins
protein phosphates
an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dphosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of protein kinase
protein phosphatases
an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase
protein phosphatases
an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase
second messengers
a small, nonportein, water-soluble molecule or ion, sucha s a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein
second messengers
a small, nonportein, water-soluble molecule or ion, sucha s a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein
second messengers
a small, nonportein, water-soluble molecule or ion, sucha s a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein
second messengers
a small, nonportein, water-soluble molecule or ion, sucha s a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein
oncogenes
a gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer
proto-oncogenes
a normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene
proto-oncogenes
a normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene
tumor-suppressor genes
a gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer
ras gene
a gene that codes for Ras, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases, ultimately resulting in stimulation of the cell cycle
p53 gene
a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the cell cycle
