2.10

Question 1

local regulators

Answer 1

a secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted (eg growth factors)

Question 2

growth factors

Answer 2

compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide. a type of local regulator

Question 3

paracrine signaling

Answer 3

a signaling cell acts on nearby target cells by secreting molecules of a local regulator (eg, growth factor)
- a type of local signaling

Question 4

synaptic signaling

Answer 4

nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell - a specialized type of local signaling

Question 5

endocrine (hormonal) signaling

Answer 5

specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often blood. Hormones reach most boy cells, but are bound by and affect only some cells
- form of long-distance signaling

Question 6

hormones

Answer 6

one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body, changing the target cells’ functioning. - part of long-distance signaling

Question 7

contact dependent signaling

Answer 7

signaling that requires the cells to be close or touching

Question 8

3 stages of a cell-to-cell message

Answer 8

reception, transduction, response

Question 9

reception

Answer 9

the binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor protein, activating the receptor by causing it to change shape.

Question 10

transduction

Answer 10

step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. usually requires a signal transduction pathway

Question 11

signal transduction pathway

Answer 11

series of step linking a mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulus to a specific cellular response

Question 12

response

Answer 12

the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell

Question 13

G protein-coupled receptor

Answer 13

GCPR a signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein. Also called a G protein-linked receptor

Question 14

g protein

Answer 14

a GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell

Question 15

ligand

Answer 15

a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one

Question 16

ligand-gated ion channel

Answer 16

a transmembrane protein containing a pore that opens or closes as ti changes shape in response to a signaling molecule (ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions’ also called and ionotropic receptor

Question 17

protein kinase

Answer 17

an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from atp to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein

Question 18

phosphorylation cascade

Answer 18

a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes (kinases), in which each kinase in turn phosphylates and activates another, ultimately leading to phosphorylation of many proteins

Question 19

protein phosphates

Answer 19

an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dphosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of protein kinase

Question 20

protein phosphatases

Answer 20

an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase

Question 20

protein phosphatases

Answer 20

an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase

Question 21

second messengers

Answer 21

a small, nonportein, water-soluble molecule or ion, sucha s a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein

Question 21

second messengers

Answer 21

a small, nonportein, water-soluble molecule or ion, sucha s a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein

Question 21

second messengers

Answer 21

a small, nonportein, water-soluble molecule or ion, sucha s a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein

Question 22

second messengers

Answer 22

a small, nonportein, water-soluble molecule or ion, sucha s a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein

Question 23

oncogenes

Answer 23

a gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer

Question 24

proto-oncogenes

Answer 24

a normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene

Question 24

proto-oncogenes

Answer 24

a normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene

Question 25

tumor-suppressor genes

Answer 25

a gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer

Question 26

ras gene

Answer 26

a gene that codes for Ras, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases, ultimately resulting in stimulation of the cell cycle

Question 27

p53 gene

Answer 27

a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the cell cycle