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AS Criminology > 2.1: Understand social constructions of criminality > Flashcards

2.1: Understand social constructions of criminality Flashcards

1
Q

List different types of crime which are property offences

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2
Q

List different types of crime which are offences against the state

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3
Q

List different types of crime which are classed as hidden crime

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4
Q

Why are crimes unreported?

Reasons

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5
Q

Why are crimes unreported?

Consequences

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6
Q

How would you apply hidden crime to domestic violence?

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7
Q

How would you apply hidden crime to witchcraft?

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8
Q

What was Stan Cohen’s theory of moral panic?

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9
Q

Can you name 3 examples of moral panics?

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10
Q

What is deviancy amplification?

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11
Q

Why is the hypodermic syringe model?

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12
Q

What were the Middletown studies?

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13
Q

Give 5 examples of ways we can find out more information about trends in criminal behaviour

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14
Q

What are the social and legal definitions of crime?

A

The social definition of crime is “an act that offends society”.

The legal definition of crime is “an act that breaks the law. This can be punished by imprisonment, a fine or community service”.

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15
Q

List 5 crimes of your choice and the punishments are they would get

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16
Q

What is deviance?

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A person who is deviant is one who breaks the norms/social rules of society.
These can either be written (laws and rules) or unwritten (normal ways of behaving).
Deviant behaviour is not always criminal behaviour.

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17
Q

How are crime and deviance different?

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As a general rule we can say that there is a distinction between crime and deviance in terms of:
“All crime is, by definition, deviant behaviour, but not all forms of deviance are criminal”.

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18
Q

Explain the relevant theory of Durkheim

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19
Q

Explain the relevant theory of Walter Reckless

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20
Q

Explain the relevant theory of Robert K. Merton

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21
Q

Explain the relevant theory of Albert Cohen

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22
Q

Explain the relevant theory of Howard Becker

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23
Q

Why is law created?

Cultural reasons

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24
Q

Why is law created?

Social reasons

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25
Q

Why is law created?

Religious reasons

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26
Q

Why is law created?

Problematic reasons

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27
Q

Why is law created?

Reactionary reasons

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28
Q

Explain the relevant theory of Karl Marx

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29
Q

List different types of crime which are offences against the person

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30
Q

Whether an action is criminal depends on four things. List the four things

A

Time
Place
Situation
Culture

31
Q

Give a definition of crime

A

An action which can be punished by the state. (An action which breaks the law)

32
Q

Recall as many different crimes you can think off

A 
Abuse
Assault/battery
Arson
Bribery
Child abuse/pornography
DUI/DWI
Embezzlement 
Extortion 
Forgery
Homicide
Kidnapping
Murder
Manslaughter - voluntary and involuntary
Rape
Piracy
Shoplifting
GBH
Animal cruelty
Paedophile 
Abduction
Assigned suicide
Cyber crime/bullying
Hate crime
Theft
Fraud
Underage drinking
Stalking
Possession of firearms
Drugs - buying, selling, producing
33
Q

Is it always wrong to break the law?

A

There are some social exceptions where people don’t particularly care/take action if the law is broken. This is called the ‘Grey area’ and an example would be underage drinking.

34
Q

Name 3 famous people whose behaviour was deemed as criminal.
Give the name, why and what form of prison where they put in?

A

Aung San Su Schi was arrested for wanting a democracy in her country and was put under house arrest.

Nelson Mandela was arrested for wanting equal rights and was put in prison.

Oscar Wilde was arrested for being gay and was sent to prison.

35
Q

What is the age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales?

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10 years old

36
Q

What is the age of criminal responsibility in Scotland?

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12 years old

37
Q

What does deviant behaviour depend upon?

A

The situation
The culture
A person who is deviant in one country might be considered perfectly normal in another.
Deviant behaviour is not always criminal behaviour.

38
Q

What is the theories of deviance?

A

Sociologists have suggested two distinct definitions of deviance: normative and relativistic.

39
Q

What is the theories of deviance?

Normative

A

Functionalism provides a normative definition of crime and deviance.
That means - it is action which consists of a violation of social norms.
It presents an image of society in which exist shared norms and values. The deviant is the person who breaks these shared norms and values.
Fundamental to the functionalist philosophy is the idea that society is underpinned by consensus.

40
Q

What is the theories of deviance?

Relativistic

A

Marxists and interactionists take a ‘relativistic’ approach- society based on diverse MOT shared values - competition/conflict not consensus etc.

41
Q

Theories of deviance
Normative
Describe Durkheim’s theory

A

Durkheim claims that society shares a set of ‘core values’ (or the collective conscience).
The more behaviour deviates from these core values the more likely such behaviour is seen as ‘deviant’. Crime is functional for society.
Boundaries of acceptable behaviours are made known by the arrest of those who transgress/break the rules. Strengthens social bonds between people and reaffirms values when they are drawn together by horrific crimes.

42
Q

Theories of deviance
Normative
Describe Walter Reckless theory

A

Walter Reckless said that people have 2 types of controls that stop them being deviant.

  1. Internal controls are religious values, conscience, morality, societal values and integrity.
  2. External controls are the law, friends, family, school, police, religious leaders.
43
Q

Theories of deviance
Normative
Describe Robert K. Merton theory

A

Robert K. Merton argues that crime and deviance is caused by the inter-relationship between:

  1. The cultural goals set by society (e.g. Acquisition of money, wealth, status, power in western/capitalist society).
  2. The chances and means of achieving such goals.
44
Q

Theories of deviance
Normative
Describe Albert Cohen theory

A 
Albert Cohen states that: Mertons strain theory is limited. It cannot explain non-economic crimes. 
• the education system socialises all of its members with the cultural goal of achieving exam success. Due to inequalities in the legitimate opportunity structure in the education system only a minority can achieve the cultural goals of the education system because they are "measured" on a "middle class measuring rod".
• the education system "labels" those who do not achieve the cultural goals as failures. All people, particularly young people seek status in their own eyes and in the eyes of others. Denied status through the official status channels, Cohen argued they will establish subcultures where they can achieve status through alternative l status channels.
45
Q

Theories of deviance
Relativistic
Describe Howard Becker theory

A

Howard Becker said that society labels people as deviant.
• you are seen as deviant as a consequence of the rules and sanctions applied by society.
• Becker says that once you are labelled as deviant this becomes the ‘master status’. This ‘master status’ becomes the one you are known by and identified by. All others are forgotten. Past good deeds are ignored. If people see you as a criminal, you could think to yourself you might as well be one.

46
Q

Theories of deviance
Relativistic
Describe Karl Marx theory

A

Karl Marx argues that the values of society are dominated by and reflect the interests of the ruling class.

47
Q

What is social control?

A

The ways in which society tries to ensure that its members conform to laws, rules and norms. That is, to make sure they do not commit acts of crime & deviance.

48
Q

Formal and informal social control

Describe Karl Mannheim theory

A

Karl Mannheim created the distinction between direct (formal) means of social control and indirect (informal) means on social control.

Formal social control;

  • based in written rules and laws
  • usually associated with the way the state regulates and controls people’s actions and behaviour.

Informal social control;
- based on unwritten laws and processes such as the approval/disapproval of others.

49
Q

Formal and informal social control

Describe Edward Ross theory

A

Edward Ross has described a number of means that have been used by social groups throughout the human history to keep individuals under control. The important among them are public opinion, law, custom, religion, morality, personality, folkways and mores.

50
Q

Formal and informal social control

Describe Edward Hayes theory

A

Edward Hayes distinguished between control by sanctions and control by suggestion and imitation. According to him, education is the most effective means of control and the family is the most significant agency.

51
Q

Formal and informal social control

Describe Luther L. Burnard theory

A

Luther L. Burnard distinguished between unconscious and conscious means of control. The most important among the unconscious means of control are custom, tradition and convention. The conscious means of control are those which have been consciously developed and employed by leaders of all types.
• according to him conscious means on control are more effective than unconscious ones though the influence of the latter also is quite marked. He also talked about exploitative and constructive methods of social control.
• exploitative means are such as punishment, reprisals, intimidation, censorship and repression. Among the constructive means are included revolution, custom, law, education and social reform, on-violent coercion and belief in supernatural forces.

52
Q

Consider how each factor (work, peer groups, legal system, religion, schools, family) controls individuals

A

Work: you don’t want to lose your job and it provides an income.
Peer groups: peer pressure and topics of conversation.
Legal systems: prison, fines and CSO.
Religion: fear of upsetting each groups ‘God’, the rules of religion and hell/heaven.
Schools: enforce punishments, detention, rules, assemblies and secondary socialisation.
Family: primary socialisation and morals.

53
Q

List the pros and cons of CCTV cameras

A

Pros: prevents people from wanting to risk committing a crime, catch criminals, deterrent and valid evidence.
Cons: no privacy, grainy images/not clear, expensive to operate and police don’t manage the systems properly.

54
Q

What are community safety partnerships?

A

Community safety partnerships are made up of representatives from the ‘responsible authorities’ which are: police, local authorities, fire and rescue authorities, probation service and health.

55
Q

What are family intervention projects?

A

Family intervention projects give intensive support to families with more than one problem (poor physical and mental health, domestic abuse, sustance abuse, lack of basic and life skills and environmental problems), keeping children out of care and preventing antisocial behaviour.

56
Q

Info on law

A

Lawmakers often forget to change old laws when they go out of date.
Laws chan be created for cultural, social, problematic and reactionary reasons.
Legal guidance is given that says that there could be extenuating circumstances as to why a person might be charged with a lesser offence or not be changed at all.

57
Q

Explain the case of Ruth Ellis

A
  • hanged for shooting and killing her lover who was 25 year old racing driver, David Blakely.
  • she was the last woman in England to be executed.
  • her family argues that Ellis was suffering from “battered woman syndrome” because she has just suffered a miscarriage just 10 days before, just after David Blakely had punched her in the stomach.
  • if Ruth was charged with this crime today, she wouldn’t be charged for murder but her sentence would be reduced to man slaughter because the defence of diminished responsibility exists now (formed in 1957).
58
Q

Explain the case of Derek Bentley

A
  • had severe epilepsy and had a very low IQ of 60-70.
  • executed for his part in the murder of PC Sidney Miles.
  • the murder of the PC took place during a break-in at a warehouse.
  • his partner in crime, Christopher Craig (who was 16) was only fined for the fatal shot but because he was still a juvenile in the eyes of the law, he escaped the death penalty.
  • iris, bentleys sister claimed her brother has learning difficulties and had the mental age of an 11 year old.
  • if arrested today, Bentley could be sent to a hospital and maybe only charged for burglary only. The case wouldn’t actually go to court because he wasn’t the one who pulled the trigger and he has mental issues.
59
Q

What are community safety partnerships?

A

Community safety partnerships are made up of representatives from the ‘responsible authorities’ which are: police, local authorities, fire and rescue authorities, probation service and health.

60
Q

What are family intervention projects?

A

Family intervention projects give intensive support to families with more than one problem (poor physical and mental health, domestic abuse, sustance abuse, lack of basic and life skills and environmental problems), keeping children out of care and preventing antisocial behaviour.

61
Q

Info on law

A

Lawmakers often forget to change old laws when they go out of date.
Laws chan be created for cultural, social, problematic and reactionary reasons.
Legal guidance is given that says that there could be extenuating circumstances as to why a person might be charged with a lesser offence or not be changed at all.

62
Q

Explain the case of Ruth Ellis

A
  • hanged for shooting and killing her lover who was 25 year old racing driver, David Blakely.
  • she was the last woman in England to be executed.
  • her family argues that Ellis was suffering from “battered woman syndrome” because she has just suffered a miscarriage just 10 days before, just after David Blakely had punched her in the stomach.
  • if Ruth was charged with this crime today, she wouldn’t be charged for murder but her sentence would be reduced to man slaughter because the defence of diminished responsibility exists now (formed in 1957).
63
Q

Explain the case of Derek Bentley

A
  • had severe epilepsy and had a very low IQ of 60-70.
  • executed for his part in the murder of PC Sidney Miles.
  • the murder of the PC took place during a break-in at a warehouse.
  • his partner in crime, Christopher Craig (who was 16) was only fined for the fatal shot but because he was still a juvenile in the eyes of the law, he escaped the death penalty.
  • iris, bentleys sister claimed her brother has learning difficulties and had the mental age of an 11 year old.
  • if arrested today, Bentley could be sent to a hospital and maybe only charged for burglary only. The case wouldn’t actually go to court because he wasn’t the one who pulled the trigger and he has mental issues.

AS Criminology (11 decks)

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