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Biochemistry > 2.1 Structures and Functions of Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

2.1 Structures and Functions of Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is selectively permeable

A

regulates what enters and leaves
- helps maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What do selectively permeable mean

A
  • transports raw materials into cell
  • transports manufactured products and wastes out
  • prevents entry of unwanted matter
  • prevents escape of matter necessary to perform cellular functions
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3
Q

What is the cell membrane made of

A

made of fluid bi-layer of phospholipids in which a number of proteins are embedded

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4
Q

Why do lipids that make up membrane naturally assemble into a double layer

A

tails repel water, heads attract

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5
Q

What molecules make up the cell membrane

A

carbs, proteins, cholesterol, phospholipids

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6
Q

Why are the cell membranes fluid

A

molecules aren’t stationary
- they move within structure fluidly changing positions

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7
Q

What is a polar head made of

A

choline, phosphate and glycerol

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8
Q

properties of polar heads

A

hydrophilic, water-soluble, point toward the cell’s exterior and interior

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9
Q

what are nonpolar tails made of

A

made of 2 long fatty acid chains

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10
Q

properties of nonpolar tails

A

hydrophobic, not water-soluble, point inward

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11
Q

How would increasing temp affect fluidity

A

more fluid
- high temp, more molecular movement, increase fluidity

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12
Q

What is viscosity of phospholipid bilayer

A

similar to vegetable oil

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13
Q

How would the presence of unsat fatty acid tails affect fluidity

A

double bonds -> kinks in fatty acid chain, fatty acids less closely packed, more fluidity

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14
Q

How would the length of the fatty acid tails affect fluidity

A

longer chains, more interolecular attractions, closer together, hold more tightly

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15
Q

What is the function of cholesterol

A

maintain fluidity - stabalize membrane by restricting movement of phospholipids at warm temp - prevents solidification of CM by preventing the phospholipids from closely packing
- hot: keep phospholipids together
- cold: keep phospholipids farther apart

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16
Q

What are integral proteins

A
  • embedded protein
  • spans entire lipid bi-layer
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17
Q

What are the functions of integral protein

A
  • marker of identity
  • attachment sites (cell adhesion)
  • receptors (communication)
  • carriers, channels
  • enzymes (on inside)
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18
Q

What are peripheral proteins

A
  • not embedded
  • bound to exposed regions of integral proteins
  • connected to cytoskeleton filaments
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19
Q

What are cytoskeleton filaments

A
  • helps support CM
  • maintain cell shape
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20
Q

What are alpha helix proteins

A
  • coil
  • extends through membrane
  • channel for nutrients entering cytoplasm
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21
Q

What is a glycoprotein

A

carb attatched to protein

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22
Q

What is glycolipid

A

carb attatched to phospholipid

23
Q

What do carbs do

A

attatched to proteins or phospholipids
- receptors
- markers
- cell adhesion

24
Q

What are the two types of cells

A
  • eukaryotic: bacteria, microorganisms
  • prokaryotic: fungi, plants, animals, protists
25
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A

no membrane-bound nucleus (no nucleus)
- circular DNA
- small
- shorter to reproduce

26
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

has membrane-bound nucleus
- linear
- covered allow many processes to occur at one
- large
- longer to reproduce

27
Q

Nucleus

A

contain DNA - stores/replicates gen info

28
Q

Chromosome

A

dividing cell (DNA + protein)

29
Q

Chromatin

A

non dividing cell (DNA + protein) - unfolded chromosome

30
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

fills nucleus

31
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

internal structure and support (protein fibers)

32
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double membrane (2 phospholipid bilayer)
lumen: space b/w

33
Q

Nucleolus

A

contains RNA and proteins and chromatin

34
Q

Nuclear pore complex

A

proteins that form opening in nuclear envelope
- water/ion travel through (small particles)

35
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

complex system of channels and sacs
- composed of membranes enclosing a lumen

36
Q

Ribosomes

A

molecular aggregates of protein and RNA
- found in regions devoted to synthesizing proteins
(have diff structure than prokaryotic cells)

37
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosome rich -> looks like sandpaper
- assemble proteins that are part of membranes or intended for export from cell
- create proteins that function in cytosol

38
Q

Smooth ER

A

no-bound ribosome
- synthesizes lipid-containing molecules (ie. phospholipid)

39
Q

Endomembrane System

A

nuclear envelope, er, Golgi app, vesicles
- transportation and product-processing section
- compartmentalizes cell so particular functions are restricted to specifc region

40
Q

Steps of endomembrane system

A
  1. on surface: ribosomes produce polypeptides and extrude to lumen
  2. polypeptides travel through lumen to smooth ER (stored processed)
    - when proteins ready for transport, pieces of smooth ER pinch off to form vesicles
  3. vesicles travel to cis face of golgi app -> vesicles merge w/golgi app membrane and releases contents into interior
    - some proteins are stored, some modified further
  4. gogli app pinches off trans face to form vesicles
    - transport proteins to cell membrane or other parts
41
Q

Cillia

A

appendages that develop on outside
- many short appendages -> wave like movement

42
Q

Flagella

A

1 or 2 longer appendages -> like tails (whip-like movements propels cells)

43
Q

What are cillia and flagella made of

A

composed of internal shaft made of microtubules, covered w/outer membrane that is continuation of cell membrane

44
Q

Peroxisomes

A

membrane enclosed sacs containing enzymes
- form by budding off from ER
- are oxidases that catalyze redox reactions
- break down many biological mol and some toxic mol (b/x toxic sub accumulate in liver, many peroxisomes)
- reactions produce toxic hydrogen peroxide (all peroxisomes contain catalase)
- some synthesize mol

45
Q

veiscles

A

form by pinching off from cell/organelle membrane
- can fuse w/cell organelle membranes to release their contents

46
Q

Vacuole

A

stores sugars, ions, water, aa, macromol
- contains enzymes that break down macromol + cell waste
- amount of H2O determins turgor pressure/internal pressure
- full vacuole -> increases turgor pressure = rigid plant
- less water -> shrinks vacuole -> pull away cell wall, underwater plants wilt as TP decreases

47
Q

Chloroplasts

A

found in cells or organisms that carry out photosynthesis
- contain photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll (absorbs light energy as part of process that converts CO2 and H2O -> redox reactions -> energy rich mol

48
Q

Mitochondria

A

breaks down high-energy organic mols to convert stored energy into usable energy
- smooth outer membrane and folded (cristae) inner membrane (matrix: fluid filled space)
- contain some of their own DNA (encodes some of their own proteins)

49
Q

Cell wall

A

provides protection and support
- combo of polysaccharides glycoproteins or both

50
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

internal network of protein fibres
- fibres extend throughout cytoplasm
- provide structure and anchoring cell membrane and organelles in place
- vesicles and other organelles move along fibres (act like tracks that lead from one part to another)

51
Q

Microtubules

A

thickest fibres (proteins that form hollow tubes)
- maintain cell shape
- facilitate movement of organelles
- assist in cell division

52
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

intermediate thickness
- maintain cell shape
- anchor some organelles
- from internal scaffolding of the nucleus

53
Q

Microfilaments

A

thinnest fibres (two strands of actin wound together)
- maintain cell shape
- involved in muscle contraction
- assist in cell division

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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