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Biochemistry > 2.1 Structures and Functions of Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

2.1 Structures and Functions of Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is selectively permeable

A

regulates what enters and leaves
- helps maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What do selectively permeable mean

A
  • transports raw materials into cell
  • transports manufactured products and wastes out
  • prevents entry of unwanted matter
  • prevents escape of matter necessary to perform cellular functions
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3
Q

What is the cell membrane made of

A

made of fluid bi-layer of phospholipids in which a number of proteins are embedded

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4
Q

Why do lipids that make up membrane naturally assemble into a double layer

A

tails repel water, heads attract

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5
Q

What molecules make up the cell membrane

A

carbs, proteins, cholesterol, phospholipids

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6
Q

Why are the cell membranes fluid

A

molecules aren’t stationary
- they move within structure fluidly changing positions

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7
Q

What is a polar head made of

A

choline, phosphate and glycerol

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8
Q

properties of polar heads

A

hydrophilic, water-soluble, point toward the cell’s exterior and interior

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9
Q

what are nonpolar tails made of

A

made of 2 long fatty acid chains

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10
Q

properties of nonpolar tails

A

hydrophobic, not water-soluble, point inward

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11
Q

How would increasing temp affect fluidity

A

more fluid
- high temp, more molecular movement, increase fluidity

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12
Q

What is viscosity of phospholipid bilayer

A

similar to vegetable oil

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13
Q

How would the presence of unsat fatty acid tails affect fluidity

A

double bonds -> kinks in fatty acid chain, fatty acids less closely packed, more fluidity

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14
Q

How would the length of the fatty acid tails affect fluidity

A

longer chains, more interolecular attractions, closer together, hold more tightly

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15
Q

What is the function of cholesterol

A

maintain fluidity - stabalize membrane by restricting movement of phospholipids at warm temp - prevents solidification of CM by preventing the phospholipids from closely packing
- hot: keep phospholipids together
- cold: keep phospholipids farther apart

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16
Q

What are integral proteins

A
  • embedded protein
  • spans entire lipid bi-layer
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17
Q

What are the functions of integral protein

A
  • marker of identity
  • attachment sites (cell adhesion)
  • receptors (communication)
  • carriers, channels
  • enzymes (on inside)
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18
Q

What are peripheral proteins

A
  • not embedded
  • bound to exposed regions of integral proteins
  • connected to cytoskeleton filaments
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19
Q

What are cytoskeleton filaments

A
  • helps support CM
  • maintain cell shape
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20
Q

What are alpha helix proteins

A
  • coil
  • extends through membrane
  • channel for nutrients entering cytoplasm
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21
Q

What is a glycoprotein

A

carb attatched to protein

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22
Q

What is glycolipid

A

carb attatched to phospholipid

23
Q

What do carbs do

A

attatched to proteins or phospholipids
- receptors
- markers
- cell adhesion

24
Q

What are the two types of cells

A
  • eukaryotic: bacteria, microorganisms
  • prokaryotic: fungi, plants, animals, protists
25
What are prokaryotic cells
no membrane-bound nucleus (no nucleus) - circular DNA - small - shorter to reproduce
26
What are eukaryotic cells
has membrane-bound nucleus - linear - covered allow many processes to occur at one - large - longer to reproduce
27
Nucleus
contain DNA - stores/replicates gen info
28
Chromosome
dividing cell (DNA + protein)
29
Chromatin
non dividing cell (DNA + protein) - unfolded chromosome
30
Nucleoplasm
fills nucleus
31
Nuclear matrix
internal structure and support (protein fibers)
32
Nuclear envelope
double membrane (2 phospholipid bilayer) lumen: space b/w
33
Nucleolus
contains RNA and proteins and chromatin
34
Nuclear pore complex
proteins that form opening in nuclear envelope - water/ion travel through (small particles)
35
Endoplasmic reticulum
complex system of channels and sacs - composed of membranes enclosing a lumen
36
Ribosomes
molecular aggregates of protein and RNA - found in regions devoted to synthesizing proteins (have diff structure than prokaryotic cells)
37
Rough ER
ribosome rich -> looks like sandpaper - assemble proteins that are part of membranes or intended for export from cell - create proteins that function in cytosol
38
Smooth ER
no-bound ribosome - synthesizes lipid-containing molecules (ie. phospholipid)
39
Endomembrane System
nuclear envelope, er, Golgi app, vesicles - transportation and product-processing section - compartmentalizes cell so particular functions are restricted to specifc region
40
Steps of endomembrane system
1. on surface: ribosomes produce polypeptides and extrude to lumen 2. polypeptides travel through lumen to smooth ER (stored processed) - when proteins ready for transport, pieces of smooth ER pinch off to form vesicles 3. vesicles travel to cis face of golgi app -> vesicles merge w/golgi app membrane and releases contents into interior - some proteins are stored, some modified further 4. gogli app pinches off trans face to form vesicles - transport proteins to cell membrane or other parts
41
Cillia
appendages that develop on outside - many short appendages -> wave like movement
42
Flagella
1 or 2 longer appendages -> like tails (whip-like movements propels cells)
43
What are cillia and flagella made of
composed of internal shaft made of microtubules, covered w/outer membrane that is continuation of cell membrane
44
Peroxisomes
membrane enclosed sacs containing enzymes - form by budding off from ER - are oxidases that catalyze redox reactions - break down many biological mol and some toxic mol (b/x toxic sub accumulate in liver, many peroxisomes) - reactions produce toxic hydrogen peroxide (all peroxisomes contain catalase) - some synthesize mol
45
veiscles
form by pinching off from cell/organelle membrane - can fuse w/cell organelle membranes to release their contents
46
Vacuole
stores sugars, ions, water, aa, macromol - contains enzymes that break down macromol + cell waste - amount of H2O determins turgor pressure/internal pressure - full vacuole -> increases turgor pressure = rigid plant - less water -> shrinks vacuole -> pull away cell wall, underwater plants wilt as TP decreases
47
Chloroplasts
found in cells or organisms that carry out photosynthesis - contain photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll (absorbs light energy as part of process that converts CO2 and H2O -> redox reactions -> energy rich mol
48
Mitochondria
breaks down high-energy organic mols to convert stored energy into usable energy - smooth outer membrane and folded (cristae) inner membrane (matrix: fluid filled space) - contain some of their own DNA (encodes some of their own proteins)
49
Cell wall
provides protection and support - combo of polysaccharides glycoproteins or both
50
Cytoskeleton
internal network of protein fibres - fibres extend throughout cytoplasm - provide structure and anchoring cell membrane and organelles in place - vesicles and other organelles move along fibres (act like tracks that lead from one part to another)
51
Microtubules
thickest fibres (proteins that form hollow tubes) - maintain cell shape - facilitate movement of organelles - assist in cell division
52
Intermediate filaments
intermediate thickness - maintain cell shape - anchor some organelles - from internal scaffolding of the nucleus
53
Microfilaments
thinnest fibres (two strands of actin wound together) - maintain cell shape - involved in muscle contraction - assist in cell division

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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