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Biochemistry > 1.1 Chemistry in Living Systems > Flashcards

1.1 Chemistry in Living Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Isotope

A

Elements with the same number of protons, different number of neutrons

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2
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Isotopes whose nuclei are unstable and decay spontaneously

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3
Q

Describe how radioisotopes decay

A

Neutron -> proton + electron + energy

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4
Q

Half-life

A

Time taken for 1/2 of the atoms in a sample to decay

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5
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

Method for determining age of geological or archeological specimen based on concentration and half-life of a particular radioisotope contained within it

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6
Q

How do scientists estimate how many years have passed since an animal died

A

Measure the ratio of C-12 and C-14

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7
Q

What happens to C-12 and C-14 when an animal dies

A

C-12 stays constant while C-14 continues to decay (decreases)

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8
Q

Radioisotope Tracing

A
  • Radioisotope used to label molecules
  • As radioisotope breaks down, it releases energy, which can be detected by nuclear imaging tech such as positron emission tomography (PET)
  • Scientists trace the radioisotope as it moves in the body and undergo chem and physiological processes in organisms (DNA replication, aa transport)
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9
Q

Detecting Disease by Radioisotope Tracing

A

Through nuclear imaging tech, can learn about internal anatomy and functioning of specific organs, detect disease

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10
Q

Dangers of Radioisotopes

A
  • Cellular and tissue damage
  • Genetic mutations
  • Radiation sickness
  • Cell death
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11
Q

Intramolecular Forces (chemical bond)

A

Hold atoms together within a molecule

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12
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Valence of one atom is transferred permanently to another atom

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13
Q

Cation

A

Atom that loses the electrons become positively charged

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14
Q

Anion

A

Atom that gains the electron and becomes negatively charged

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15
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons
- Typically two non metals
- Strong bonds

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16
Q

Non polar covalent bonds

A

Equal sharing

17
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Unequal sharing

18
Q

Electronegativity

A

Atoms ability to attract electrons in a chem bond
- Two atoms with close value electronegativity = covalent
- Two atoms with far apart electronegativity = ionic

19
Q

Polar molecules

A
  • Contain polar bonds
  • Non symmetrical molecules
  • Partial neg and partial pos
20
Q

Non polar molecules

A
  • Straight and symmetrical molecule
  • Effects of polar bonds cancel each other out
21
Q

Dipoles

A
  • Separation of charges within a molecule (b/c of unequal sharing)
  • More electro pull closer to them
  • Arrow points to neg charge
  • No overall dispoles in non polar molecules
22
Q

Four molecular shapes (orbitals)

A
  1. Linear
  2. Angular
  3. Pyramidal
  4. Tetrahedral
23
Q

Why does molecular shape matter?

A

Biological molecules must recognize and interact with other molecules in the cell based on molecular shape and size
(enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters)

24
Q

Intermolecular Forces

A

Weak attractive forces between molecules or diff parts of same molecule
- Determine how molecules interact
- Responsible for some physical prop
- Easily broken down with energy

25
Q

London Dispersion Forces

A

2 non polar molecules
- results from temp uneven distribution of electrons
- Weak!

26
Q

Ion-dipole forces

A

polar molecule and ion

27
Q

Dipole-dipole forces

A

two polar molecules
opposite dipoles attract

28
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A
  • Very strong dipole-dipole forces
  • Exists between partial positive H and partial neg N, O or F polar molecule
  • One hydrogen bond is weak, many is strong
29
Q

List the 10 properties of water

A
  1. Polar covalent bond
  2. Solute
  3. Solvent
  4. High heat capacity
  5. Gas, liquid, solid
  6. Surface tension
  7. Density
  8. Capillary Action
  9. Cohesion
  10. Adhesion
30
Q

Hydophillic Substances

A

Water soluble
Ionic and polar

31
Q

How do ionic compounds dissolve?

A

Water molecules orient themselves so that partially neg oxygen atoms are facing cations from the ionic compound and partially positive hydrogen atoms are facing anions from the ionic compound

32
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water insoluble
Non polar substances

33
Q

Amphiphilic Molecules

A

Have polar region and non polar region
- Will orient themselves to minimize contact that their non-polar regions have with water

34
Q

Hydrophobic Effect

A

Hydrophobic molecules clump together to avoid water

35
Q

Functional Group - Hydroxyl

A

OH
- found in carbs, proteins, na, lipids
- polar

36
Q

Functional Group - Carbonyl

A

CHO, CO
- found in carbs, na
- polar

37
Q

Functional Group - Carboxyl

A

COOH
- proteins, lipids
- polar
- acidic
- ionizes to release H+

38
Q

Functional Group - Amino

A

NH2
- aa, proteins, na
- polar
- basic
- accepts h+
- Forms hydrogen bonds

39
Q

Functional Group - Sulfhydryl

A

SH
- some aa, proteins
- polar
- forms disulphide bonds to stabilize protein structure

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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