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Biochemistry > 1.2 Biologically Important Molecules > Flashcards

1.2 Biologically Important Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecule

A

Very large molecule
- carbs, lipids, proteins, na

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2
Q

Monomer

A

Small, simple molecule
- may react chemically to link together with other molecules of the same type to form a larger, more complex molecule

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3
Q

Dimer

A

Molecule made of 2 monomers joined together

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4
Q

Oligomer

A

Few monomers joined together (3-10)

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5
Q

Polymer

A

Many monomers joined together

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6
Q

Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation Reaction

A

joining of 2 compounds in association with loss of H2O molecule b/w them
- Water is always produced
- Require enzymes

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7
Q

Anabolic Reaction

A

Reaction that produces a large molecule from smaller subunits

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8
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

Energy is needed

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9
Q

Hysdrolosis

A

Chem breakdown of a compound due to reaction w/water
- always requires water
- require enzymes

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10
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

reaction that breaks macromolecules into constituent individual subunits

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11
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

releases energy

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12
Q

Elements in carbs

A
  • contain C, H, O
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13
Q

Functions of carbs

A
  • Primary source of energy (short-term and long-term)
  • structural material of plant cell walls
  • markers for recognition, communication, cell to cell adhesion
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14
Q

What are monosaccharides

A
  • simple sugars made of monomers
  • contain 3-7 C
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15
Q

What groups in monosaccharides made the sugar soluble

A
  • OH & CO/CHO (aldehydes or ketones)
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16
Q

What forms are monosacharrides

A

Linear when dry
Rings when dissolved

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17
Q

What are alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

When linear form of glucose is dissolved in water, it becomes cyclic and forms either a glucose or b glucose
- a glucose: H on top
- b glucose: H on bottom

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18
Q

What are isomers

A

Same chem formula, diff structure and chem/physical properties

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19
Q

How are disaccharides bonded together

A

after dehydration synthesis, they form glycosidic linkages

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20
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Polymers of glucose

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21
Q

What is cellulose (what is it made of)

A

Cell wall structure in plants
- made of straight chain of beta glucose + B1-4 glycosidic linkages

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22
Q

How is cellulose formed

A

OH of parallel molecules form hydrogen bonds, creating microfibrils -> they intertwine to form tough, insoluble, cellulose fibres

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23
Q

Why isnt cellulose digestable?

A

Humans lack enzymes to break down B(1-4) glycosidic linkages in cellulose

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24
Q

What is starch

A

Glucose storage in plants
Long term energy storage
- Amylose : helix
- Amylopectin : Branching

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25
Q

What is glycogen

A

Glucose storage in animals
Short term energy storage
Lots of branches

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26
Q

What is chitin/where is it found

A

Large, structural polysaccharide made from chains of modified glucose
Found in exoskeletons of insects, cell walls of fungi, and certain hard structures in invertebrates and fish

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27
Q

What element is found in chitin that is not found in other polysaccharides

A

Nitrogen

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28
Q

Can humans digest chitin

A

No, we lack the enzymes to break down b1-4 glycosidic linkages

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29
Q

How do you recognize beta linkages

A

up to down swirl lol

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30
Q

What are lipids made of

A

C H O but more H than carbs
- C-H bonds rich with energy

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31
Q

Are lipids polar or non polar

A

non polar and water soluble

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32
Q

What are triglycerides made of (energy rich compound)

A

oils and fats
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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33
Q

What is an ester linkage

A

Bond between glycerol OH group and fatty acid COOH group

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34
Q

What shape are saturated triglyceride
- pork, coconut oil, butter, cheese, palm oil

A

Straight, fatty acids close together
- More dense, therefore more solid (b/c molecules can be tightly packed together)

35
Q

What shape are unsaturated triglycerides
- corn oil, fish, mayo, most marg (spreadable)

A

Bent, fatty acids spread out
- Less dense
- # of double bonds affect density
(monounsaturated are pretty non viscous)

36
Q

What is the difference between unsat and sat trig

A

Double bonds

37
Q

What are the functions of lipids

A
  • Nutrient and energy storage
  • Insulation and cushioning
  • Component of cell membranes
  • Water repelling coating
  • Steroid hormones
  • Electrical insulation of nerves
38
Q

What is hydrogenation

A
  1. Starting material is unsat
    - has double bond
    - cis configuration
  2. Add heat + catalyst + hydrogen
  3. Resulting product
    - Sat fat + Unsat “trans” fat
39
Q

What is hydrogenation used for

A

To solidify lipid at room temp and increase shelf-life

40
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids

A

Glycerol bonded to
- phosphate group + r group (choline) - hydrophilic head
- 2 fatty acid chains - hydrophobic tail

41
Q

What do phospholipids form and What is the phospholipid bilayer

A

form part of cell membrane
- separates cell interior from exterior
- regulates passage of molecules through cell membrane
- Allows very small of fat-soluble molecules through (like dissolves like)

42
Q

What is the structure of steroids

A

4 ring carbon unit
- diff arrangement of rings
- diff functional groups attached to atoms

43
Q

Why do women suffering from anorexia often stop mensturating

A

Stop eating -> no cholesterol -> estrogen cannot be made -> mensuration stops

44
Q

What is the wax structure

A

Long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings

45
Q

Why are waxes hydrophobic

A

Made of hydrocarbon chains that are non polar and water insoluble

46
Q

Function of waxes

A
  • Waterproofing
  • Conserving water
  • Barrier against microorganisms
  • Cutin to protect leaves
  • Beeswax to build honeycombs
  • Earwax for cleaning, lubricating and protection
47
Q

What are proteins made of

A

C H O an N

48
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  • Biological catalyst for enzymes
  • Cell surface markers/receptors antigens
  • Chemical messengers for hormones
  • Proteins can be broken down to aa which can be broken down again to form energy
  • Immunity (antibodies, antitoxins)
  • Muscle movement
  • Poisons (venom)
  • Regulation of DNA binding proteins, activators, inhibitors, transcription factors
  • Storage for aa
  • Structure - bones, ligaments, tendons, hair, skin
  • Transport of hemoglobin, carrier proteins, active transport pumps
49
Q

What are aa made of

A

Central carbon attatched to:
- H
- NH2 group
- COOH group
- Side chain - R group (diff for each aa)

50
Q

What will body do if essential aa are not present in diet

A

body breaks down its own protein in muscle

51
Q

What are complete protein sources

A

Provide all essential aa

52
Q

What are incomplete protein sources

A

1 or more essential aa are missing

Veg: combine incomplete sources in diet to create complete protein

53
Q

How do aa make protein

A
  • join together in dehydration synthesis to form a peptide bond
54
Q

Polypeptide

A

chain of aa
- N-terminus has a group
- C-terminus has carboxyl group

only become protein when it has correct structure and functional

55
Q

What are globular proteins

A

require polypeptide to be folded into a 3d shape and combined with other polypeptides to be functional

56
Q

Chaperone proteins

A

special proteins that help with protein folding

57
Q

What bonds hold secondary structure together

A

Hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amino groups of non-adjacent amino acids
(R groups not involved)

58
Q

What structures are formed in secondary structure

A

alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
random coils (same coil for the same protein)

59
Q

What forces hold tertiary structure together

A

Hydrophobic and van de waal interactions
Hydrogen bonds
Disulfide bridge
ionic bond

60
Q

What are Proline Kinks

A

amino acid
- act as helix breakers
- proline has slide chain (limits flexibility)
- introduce kinks in polypeptide chain

61
Q

What are disulfide bonds

A
  • stabilize structure
  • oxidation of 2 cystine residues (through removal of hydrogen)
62
Q

What is denaturation

A
  • bonding interactions responsible for secondary and tertiarystructures are disrupted
  • results in change in the 3d shape of a protein
  • Denatured proteins cannot carry out functions
    (not strong enough to affect primary structure of protein)
63
Q

How does heat cause denaturation

A

heat -> kinetic energy of molecules -> molecules move more rapidly -> H bonds & non polar hydrophobic forces are disrupted

64
Q

How can extreme pH cause denaturation

A

can disrupt salt bridges and H bonds b/w carboxyl group of 1 aa and amino group of another aa
- Many also cause R groups on aa to gain or lose H+ ions, affecting the ability of the aa to form H bonds

65
Q

Causes of denaturation

A

alcohol, ionizing radiation, reducing agents, change in salt/sugar concentration (curing meat), heat, extreme pH

66
Q

Is denaturation reversible

A
  • removing the physical or chemical factor may restore original protein shape
  • if secondary and tertiary structures are destroyed so peptide chains tangel and precipitate out of solution, the protein is permanently destroyed
67
Q

What do nucleic acids do

A

store genetic information about protein structure
- direct growth and development of organisms

68
Q

What are nucleotides

A

make up the nucleic acid
- polymer - DNA or RNA
- monomer - nucelotide

69
Q

Another name for nucleic acid

A

polynucleotide

70
Q

What is pentosugar

A

5 carbon sugar

71
Q

How are DNA and RNA diff

A
  1. Sugar
    - DNA: OH and H
    - RNA: OH and OH
  2. Base
    - DNA: Thymine
    - RNA: Uracil
72
Q

What is the polynucleotide structure of DNA

A

They are antiparallel
- 5 prime end is where phosphate
- 3 prime end is OH/sugar end

73
Q

What are purines

A

bigger structure (2 rings)
- guanine and adenine

74
Q

What are pyrimidines

A

1 ring structure
- cytosine, uracil, thymine

75
Q

How do nucleotides link up

A

Phosphodiester bonds form during dehydration synthesis
- 3 prime of hydroxl group and 5 prime of phosphate group of next nucleotide

76
Q

What are the complementary bases of DNA

A

A and T
G and C

77
Q

Where is DNA found

A

only in nucleus

78
Q

What bonds hold nitrogenous bases together

A

hydrogen bonds

79
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

protein production
- chromosomes made up of DNA
- Each gene codes for RNA which contains instructions for making proteins
reproduction
- dna is the only molecule that can reproduce itself

80
Q

Where is RNA found

A

made in nucleus but can move into cytoplasm

81
Q

What is messanger RNA (mRNA)

A

takes info from DNA inside nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm to make proteins

82
Q

What is transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

decodes the info on the mRNA

83
Q

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

make up 60% of ribosomes

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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