1.2 Biologically Important Molecules Flashcards
1
Q
Macromolecule
A
Very large molecule
- carbs, lipids, proteins, na
2
Q
Monomer
A
Small, simple molecule
- may react chemically to link together with other molecules of the same type to form a larger, more complex molecule
3
Q
Dimer
A
Molecule made of 2 monomers joined together
4
Q
Oligomer
A
Few monomers joined together (3-10)
5
Q
Polymer
A
Many monomers joined together
6
Q
Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation Reaction
A
joining of 2 compounds in association with loss of H2O molecule b/w them
- Water is always produced
- Require enzymes
7
Q
Anabolic Reaction
A
Reaction that produces a large molecule from smaller subunits
8
Q
Endergonic Reaction
A
Energy is needed
9
Q
Hysdrolosis
A
Chem breakdown of a compound due to reaction w/water
- always requires water
- require enzymes
10
Q
Catabolic reaction
A
reaction that breaks macromolecules into constituent individual subunits
11
Q
Exergonic reaction
A
releases energy
12
Q
Elements in carbs
A
- contain C, H, O
13
Q
Functions of carbs
A
- Primary source of energy (short-term and long-term)
- structural material of plant cell walls
- markers for recognition, communication, cell to cell adhesion
14
Q
What are monosaccharides
A
- simple sugars made of monomers
- contain 3-7 C
15
Q
What groups in monosaccharides made the sugar soluble
A
- OH & CO/CHO (aldehydes or ketones)
16
Q
What forms are monosacharrides
A
Linear when dry
Rings when dissolved
17
Q
What are alpha glucose and beta glucose
A
When linear form of glucose is dissolved in water, it becomes cyclic and forms either a glucose or b glucose
- a glucose: H on top
- b glucose: H on bottom
18
Q
What are isomers
A
Same chem formula, diff structure and chem/physical properties
19
Q
How are disaccharides bonded together
A
after dehydration synthesis, they form glycosidic linkages
20
Q
What are polysaccharides
A
Polymers of glucose
21
Q
What is cellulose (what is it made of)
A
Cell wall structure in plants
- made of straight chain of beta glucose + B1-4 glycosidic linkages
22
Q
How is cellulose formed
A
OH of parallel molecules form hydrogen bonds, creating microfibrils -> they intertwine to form tough, insoluble, cellulose fibres
23
Q
Why isnt cellulose digestable?
A
Humans lack enzymes to break down B(1-4) glycosidic linkages in cellulose
24
Q
What is starch
A
Glucose storage in plants
Long term energy storage
- Amylose : helix
- Amylopectin : Branching
25
What is glycogen
Glucose storage in animals
Short term energy storage
Lots of branches
26
What is chitin/where is it found
Large, structural polysaccharide made from chains of modified glucose
Found in exoskeletons of insects, cell walls of fungi, and certain hard structures in invertebrates and fish
27
What element is found in chitin that is not found in other polysaccharides
Nitrogen
28
Can humans digest chitin
No, we lack the enzymes to break down b1-4 glycosidic linkages
29
How do you recognize beta linkages
up to down swirl lol
30
What are lipids made of
C H O but more H than carbs
- C-H bonds rich with energy
31
Are lipids polar or non polar
non polar and water soluble
32
What are triglycerides made of (energy rich compound)
oils and fats
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
33
What is an ester linkage
Bond between glycerol OH group and fatty acid COOH group
34
What shape are saturated triglyceride
- pork, coconut oil, butter, cheese, palm oil
Straight, fatty acids close together
- More dense, therefore more solid (b/c molecules can be tightly packed together)
35
What shape are unsaturated triglycerides
- corn oil, fish, mayo, most marg (spreadable)
Bent, fatty acids spread out
- Less dense
- # of double bonds affect density
(monounsaturated are pretty non viscous)
36
What is the difference between unsat and sat trig
Double bonds
37
What are the functions of lipids
- Nutrient and energy storage
- Insulation and cushioning
- Component of cell membranes
- Water repelling coating
- Steroid hormones
- Electrical insulation of nerves
38
What is hydrogenation
1. Starting material is unsat
- has double bond
- cis configuration
2. Add heat + catalyst + hydrogen
3. Resulting product
- Sat fat + Unsat "trans" fat
39
What is hydrogenation used for
To solidify lipid at room temp and increase shelf-life
40
What is the structure of phospholipids
Glycerol bonded to
- phosphate group + r group (choline) - hydrophilic head
- 2 fatty acid chains - hydrophobic tail
41
What do phospholipids form and What is the phospholipid bilayer
form part of cell membrane
- separates cell interior from exterior
- regulates passage of molecules through cell membrane
- Allows very small of fat-soluble molecules through (like dissolves like)
42
What is the structure of steroids
4 ring carbon unit
- diff arrangement of rings
- diff functional groups attached to atoms
43
Why do women suffering from anorexia often stop mensturating
Stop eating -> no cholesterol -> estrogen cannot be made -> mensuration stops
44
What is the wax structure
Long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings
45
Why are waxes hydrophobic
Made of hydrocarbon chains that are non polar and water insoluble
46
Function of waxes
- Waterproofing
- Conserving water
- Barrier against microorganisms
- Cutin to protect leaves
- Beeswax to build honeycombs
- Earwax for cleaning, lubricating and protection
47
What are proteins made of
C H O an N
48
Functions of proteins
- Biological catalyst for enzymes
- Cell surface markers/receptors antigens
- Chemical messengers for hormones
- Proteins can be broken down to aa which can be broken down again to form energy
- Immunity (antibodies, antitoxins)
- Muscle movement
- Poisons (venom)
- Regulation of DNA binding proteins, activators, inhibitors, transcription factors
- Storage for aa
- Structure - bones, ligaments, tendons, hair, skin
- Transport of hemoglobin, carrier proteins, active transport pumps
49
What are aa made of
Central carbon attatched to:
- H
- NH2 group
- COOH group
- Side chain - R group (diff for each aa)
50
What will body do if essential aa are not present in diet
body breaks down its own protein in muscle
51
What are complete protein sources
Provide all essential aa
52
What are incomplete protein sources
1 or more essential aa are missing
Veg: combine incomplete sources in diet to create complete protein
53
How do aa make protein
- join together in dehydration synthesis to form a peptide bond
54
Polypeptide
chain of aa
- N-terminus has a group
- C-terminus has carboxyl group
only become protein when it has correct structure and functional
55
What are globular proteins
require polypeptide to be folded into a 3d shape and combined with other polypeptides to be functional
56
Chaperone proteins
special proteins that help with protein folding
57
What bonds hold secondary structure together
Hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amino groups of non-adjacent amino acids
(R groups not involved)
58
What structures are formed in secondary structure
alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
random coils (same coil for the same protein)
59
What forces hold tertiary structure together
Hydrophobic and van de waal interactions
Hydrogen bonds
Disulfide bridge
ionic bond
60
What are Proline Kinks
amino acid
- act as helix breakers
- proline has slide chain (limits flexibility)
- introduce kinks in polypeptide chain
61
What are disulfide bonds
- stabilize structure
- oxidation of 2 cystine residues (through removal of hydrogen)
62
What is denaturation
- bonding interactions responsible for secondary and tertiarystructures are disrupted
- results in change in the 3d shape of a protein
- Denatured proteins cannot carry out functions
(not strong enough to affect primary structure of protein)
63
How does heat cause denaturation
heat -> kinetic energy of molecules -> molecules move more rapidly -> H bonds & non polar hydrophobic forces are disrupted
64
How can extreme pH cause denaturation
can disrupt salt bridges and H bonds b/w carboxyl group of 1 aa and amino group of another aa
- Many also cause R groups on aa to gain or lose H+ ions, affecting the ability of the aa to form H bonds
65
Causes of denaturation
alcohol, ionizing radiation, reducing agents, change in salt/sugar concentration (curing meat), heat, extreme pH
66
Is denaturation reversible
- removing the physical or chemical factor may restore original protein shape
- if secondary and tertiary structures are destroyed so peptide chains tangel and precipitate out of solution, the protein is permanently destroyed
67
What do nucleic acids do
store genetic information about protein structure
- direct growth and development of organisms
68
What are nucleotides
make up the nucleic acid
- polymer - DNA or RNA
- monomer - nucelotide
69
Another name for nucleic acid
polynucleotide
70
What is pentosugar
5 carbon sugar
71
How are DNA and RNA diff
1. Sugar
- DNA: OH and H
- RNA: OH and OH
2. Base
- DNA: Thymine
- RNA: Uracil
72
What is the polynucleotide structure of DNA
They are antiparallel
- 5 prime end is where phosphate
- 3 prime end is OH/sugar end
73
What are purines
bigger structure (2 rings)
- guanine and adenine
74
What are pyrimidines
1 ring structure
- cytosine, uracil, thymine
75
How do nucleotides link up
Phosphodiester bonds form during dehydration synthesis
- 3 prime of hydroxl group and 5 prime of phosphate group of next nucleotide
76
What are the complementary bases of DNA
A and T
G and C
77
Where is DNA found
only in nucleus
78
What bonds hold nitrogenous bases together
hydrogen bonds
79
What is the function of DNA
protein production
- chromosomes made up of DNA
- Each gene codes for RNA which contains instructions for making proteins
reproduction
- dna is the only molecule that can reproduce itself
80
Where is RNA found
made in nucleus but can move into cytoplasm
81
What is messanger RNA (mRNA)
takes info from DNA inside nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm to make proteins
82
What is transfer RNA (tRNA)
decodes the info on the mRNA
83
What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
make up 60% of ribosomes
