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Pe SBR > 2.1 Skill Acquisition > Flashcards

2.1 Skill Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a skill

A

Motor of movement -
An action or task that has a goal and that requires voluntary body and or limb movements to achieve the goal and is learned rather then innate

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2
Q

What is difficulty continuum

A

Simple ( less decisions/less info to process) - complex skills (more inf/ lots of decisions

Types of judgment and decisions

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3
Q

What are simple skills

A

No decisions to make
Less judgment
Eg sprint

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4
Q

What are complex skills

A

Many decisions to make
Make sense of information
Eg pass in sport

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5
Q

What is the organisation continuum

A

High organisation- low organisation

Type of skill and how it’s made up

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6
Q

What are high organisation skills

A

Made up of sub-routines which are different to separarte
(Golf swing)

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7
Q

What are low organisation skills

A

Sub-routines easily identifiable as separate movements
(Tennis serve)

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8
Q

What is a sub-routine

A

The elements of separate movements that make up a particular skill

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9
Q

What is the environmental influence continuum

A

Open closed skills continuum
Effects of the environment

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10
Q

What is an open skill

A

Affected by environment
Perceptual skills
Movements have to be adapted
Externally paced

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11
Q

What is a closed skill

A

Not affected by environment
Habitual skills
Self-paced skill

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12
Q

What is the pacing continuum

A

Timing of moments
Externally paced- self paced

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13
Q

What is an externally paced skill

A

Environment controls the rate of performing the skill
Usually open skills
Eg receiving serve

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14
Q

What is a self paced skill

A

Performer controls rate in which skill is executed
usually closed
Eg javelin

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15
Q

What is the muscular involvement continuum

A

Gross/fine continuum

Precision of the movement

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16
Q

What are gross skills

A

Large muscle movements
Not precise
Include fundamental movement
Patterns,walking, jumping

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17
Q

What is a fine movement

A

Intricate movement using small muscle groups precise and require hand coordination

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18
Q

What is the continuity continuum

A

The discrete - serial- continuous skills

How well defined the beginning and end of the skill are

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19
Q

What is a discrete skill

A

Clear beginning and end of the skill is repeated it must start again
Single specific skills

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20
Q

What is a serial movement

A

Made up of discrete elements which are put together to form a sequence
Eg triple jump
Dance routine

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21
Q

What is fixed practise

A

A stable and predictable practise environment which practice conditions remaining unchanging or ‘fixed’

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22
Q

What is an advantage of fixed practise

A

Enables habitual moments to be learned effectively

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23
Q

What is varied practise

A

Practise needs to be varied so that the performer can come into contact with a range of experiences

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24
Q

What is an advantage of varied practice

A

Allows you to learn lots of skills in one session

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25
Q

What is massed practice

A

Practise that involves very short or no rest intervals with the session

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26
Q

What is an advantage of massed practise

A

Cardiovascular endurance

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27
Q

What is distributed practice

A

Relatively long rests between trials

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28
Q

What is an advantage of distributed practise

A

Athletes have time to recover or practise mental rehearsal

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29
Q

What is a disadvantage distributed practise

A

Takes time away from sport

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30
Q

What is part practice

A

Teaching the skill in parts
Put them all together

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31
Q

What are the advantages of part practise

A

Good for skills which are complex
Good for dangerous skills
Good for beginners

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32
Q

Disadvantage of part practice

A

Takes longer than other methods
Lose kinaesthetic sense of the skill

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33
Q

What is progressive- part practices

A

Learn one part of the skill then the next part and add that together

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34
Q

Advantages of progressive-part practice

A

Quicker than part method
Helps learner understand complex skills
Good for serial skills
Good for complex skills
Good for low organisation skills

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35
Q

Disadvantage of progressive part practice

A

Not suitable for skills high in organisation

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36
Q

What is whole part whole practise

A

Performer attempts the whole skill. Then practices part of it. Then out it into the whole skill again

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37
Q

Advantages of whole-part whole

A

Allows coach to focus on weakness
Quicker then progressive part
Performer gets whole feel

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38
Q

Disadvantage of whole part whole

A

Not always suitable for highly organised or dangerous skills

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39
Q

What is whole practice

A

Skills is taught as a hole

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40
Q

Advantages of whole practice

A

Quickest
Develop kinaesthetic for the skill
Transfer of the skill from practise to real situation is likely to be better

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41
Q

Disadvantage of whole practise

A

Not suitable for dangerous skills
Not suitable for complex skills
Not suitable for beginners

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42
Q

What is a skill transfer

A

The influence of the learning and/or performance of one skill on the learning and/or performance of another

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43
Q

What is proactive transfer

A

The influence of one skill on a skill yet to be performed

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44
Q

Practical example of proactive transfer

A

Knowing how to throw a javelin and then throwing a tennis ball

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45
Q

What is retroactive transfer

A

The influence of one skill on the learning or performance of a skill that has previously been learned

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46
Q

Practical example of retroactive transfer

A

Javelin- tennis ball - back to javelin

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47
Q

What is positive transfer

A

When the learning and performance helps the learning and performance of another skill

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48
Q

Practical example of positive transfer

A

Linking seat drop and then half twist and then to swivel hips

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49
Q

What is negative transfer

A

When the learning and performance of one skill hinders the learning and performance of another

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50
Q

Practical example of negative transfer

A

Playing badminton and then learning tennis

51
Q

What is bilateral transfer

A

The transfer of learning from one limb to another

52
Q

Practical example of bilateral transfer

A

Kicking left foot and then on right

53
Q

What is the operant conditioning theory

A

Theory claims

We learn through manipulation of behaviour towards a stimulus

TRIAL AND ERROR
MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOUR
USE REINFORCED TO STRENGTHEN THE S-R BOND

54
Q

Practical example of learning a skill using operant conditioning

A

Net shots in badminton

Hand fed shuttle to learner (manipulate environment)
Learner attempts a few shots (trial and errror)
Possitihe reinforcement enforced correct response

55
Q

What is partial reinforcement

A

Reward given after a number of correct responses, learning takes longer but lasts longer

56
Q

What is complete reinforcement

A

Learning is faster if a reward is given on every occasion

57
Q

What are THORNDIKES LAWS

A

LAW OF EXERCISE
LAW OF EFFECT
LAW OF READINESS

58
Q

What is the law of exercise

A

Repeating or rehearsing the S-R connections is more likely to strengthen them. If the desired responses occurs, reinforcement is necessary

59
Q

What is the law of effect

A

Is the response is followed by a ‘satisfier’ the S-R bond is strengthened and an ‘annoyer’ the S-R bond is weakened

60
Q

What is the Law of readiness

A

Performer must be physically and mentally capable of performing the skills

61
Q

What is the cognitive learning theory by gestalists

A

Theory concerned with thinking and understanding

Problem-solving involving memory . Previous experiences are used to help solve new problems

62
Q

Practical example of learning a skill using cognitive learning

A

Give children lots of sporting experience to allow them to develop problem solving and decision making in sports

Skills learned as a whole

63
Q

What is the social learning/ observational theory

A

Bandura
Personality and associated behaviour are determined by the situation or social environment rather then a series of traits

64
Q

How do significant others help us learn (observational theory)

A

People who are highly significant to us often called role models.
Copy them

65
Q

What is cueing (obersvaetional theory )

A

Identifying important cues or stimuli

For example watching the arm of your opponent when receiving a serve

66
Q

Practical example of social learning theory

A

Watching tv
Watching demonstrations
Tutorial videos

67
Q

what are BANDURA four process of observational learning theory

A

ATTENTION
RETENTION
MOTOR REPRODUCTION
MOTIVATION

68
Q

Why is attention important for observational theory

A

Learner must focus directly onto demonstration and focus on cues

Amount of attention depend on perceived attractiveness of the model

The observer attention span and their incentives are important

69
Q

Why is retention important for observation learning theory

A

Observer must be able to remember the model that presented

Mental rehearsal can be used to create mental image

70
Q

Why is motor reproduction important for observational learning theory

A

Must be physically or psychologically able to copy or replace the skill

Demo should be matched to the abilities of the performer

Feedback during practice is important

71
Q

Why is motivation important for the process of observational learning

A

Learner must have drive/ motivation to match the performance of the skill being modelled
External reinforcement of the model will be increased motivation to replicate it

72
Q

What are the 3 phases of learning

A

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

73
Q

What is the cognitive stage of learning

A

Performance inconsistent
Lack fluency
Learning occours through Trial and error
Correct performance must be reinforced

74
Q

What is the associative phase of learning

A

Performance becoming more consistent
Performer can associate movements either mental picture
Performer begins to correct own errors

75
Q

What is the autonomous phase of learning

A

Fluent, consistent, aesthetically pleasing
Skills are automatic
Performer can judge own performance

76
Q

What is verbal guidance

A

Used to describe the action and explain how to perform the activity

Must not speak for too long
Some movements can’t be explained

77
Q

Advantage of verbal guidance

A

It can be in the form of feedback
Can hold the attention of the performer if used appropriately

78
Q

Disadvantage of verbal guidance

A

Can lead to ‘information overload’

Guidance could be inaccurate

79
Q

What is visual guidance

A

Helps learning create a mental image of the skill and its performance

Demonstrations/ visual aids/ videos

80
Q

Advantage of visual guidance

A

Performer easily creates a mental picture

Encourage observational learning

81
Q

Disadvantage of visual guidance

A

If demonstration is incorrect - performer have bad habits

Coach may be unable to show an accurate demonstration

82
Q

What is manual and mechanical guidance

A

1- Physical support from a person or mechanical device. ‘Physical restriction ‘
2- response of the performer being directed physically by another person ‘forced response’

83
Q

Advantages of manual and mechanical guidance

A

Can give performer greater sense of safety

Isolate an important aspect of skil

84
Q

Disadvantage of mechanical and manual guidance

A

Over- restrictive
‘False sense of kinaesthetic’

85
Q

Why is feedback so important for a performer

A

Helps with motivation and confidence

Allows progress

86
Q

I’m cognitive stage of learning what feedback would they receive

A

External as they don’t understand the skills fully

87
Q

In the associative stage of learning what feedback would they need

A

Needs coaches input but will start to develop internal feedback

88
Q

In the autonomous stage what feedback would they receive

A

Internal feedback as they can detect and correct their own errores

From external - for tactics

89
Q

What is intrinsic feedback

A

Feedback that comes internally

90
Q

Advantages of intrinsic feedback

A

Readily available
Movements corrected immediately
Performer doesn’t have to rely on others

91
Q

Disadvantage of intrinsic feedback

A

In cognitive stage performer unable to provide the right feedback

92
Q

What extrinsic feedback

A

Feedback that comes from external sources
Eg coach’s

93
Q

+ of extrinsic feedback

A

Coach can give points that may lead to improvements

94
Q

negative of extrinsic feedback

A

Inaccurate feedback could negatively affect performance

95
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Reinforces skill learning
Gives info about a successful income

96
Q

+ of positive feedback

A

S-R bond formed
Motivation

97
Q

negatives- of positive feedback

A

Some performers don’t respond well to praise

98
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Info about an unsuccessful outcome

99
Q

+ of negative feedbacks

A

Lead to more determined performance
Performer know how to improve

100
Q

negative- of negative feedback

A

Can be demotivating

101
Q

What is knowledge of results (feedback)

A

Feedback which is external
About result of action.

102
Q

Advantage of knowledge of results

A

Motivational

103
Q

Disadvantage of knowledge of results

A

Does not explain why action was successful
Can be demotivating

104
Q

What is knowledge of performance feedback

A

Info about how well the movement is being executed rather then end result

105
Q

+ of knowledge of performance

A

Includes technical information about the performance

106
Q

negative- of knowledge of performance

A

Cognitive performers not understand technical info

107
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Skinner’s theory -
associationist
conditioning
trial+ error learning
behaviour shaping
reinforcement-
positive- reward for appropriate behaviour- strengthens SR bond
negative- removal of adverse stimulus- form a new S-R bond
punishment- break or weaken wrong S-R bond- Introduces adverse stimulus
Use of thorndikes laws

108
Q

Negatives of operant conditioning

A

trial + error = longer, frustration
-weaker S-R bond when reinforcement taken away too early
-might be more interested in stimulus than actual skill

109
Q

What is the law of exercise (operant conditioning

A

more we repeat practise the more we learn - trial and error learning

110
Q

What is the law of effect (operant conditioning)

A

more reinforcement = learn more

111
Q

What is the law of readiness

A

Only successful if performer is. physically and emotionally mature enough

112
Q

What is the Cognitive learning theory

A

Gestaltists theory
Insight learning- problem solving involving memory (previous experiences used to help solve new problems)
thinking and understanding approach

intervening variables ( height of ball, position of players) need to be taken into consideration

113
Q

Example of a sporting performer using cognitive learning

A

eg a football player recognising that the pitch is slippy and adapt to play accordingly (less bounce of ball, skidding)

114
Q

Negatives of cognitive learning

A

1- requires motivation
2- previous knowledge required to draw from (not for beginners)

115
Q

What is kinaesthetic sense

A

The sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other

116
Q

What are motor programs

A

generalised series of movements stored in the long-term memory
retrieved by a single decision(not conscious)

117
Q

How to optimise positive effects of transfer

A

emulate real game situations as much as possible

118
Q

What is the social learning theory

A

Bandura

copying behaviour from observing/ watching significant others (role model, loved ones)- trying to fit in (socially acceptable)

significant other = more likely to copy

119
Q

What are the 3 stages of learning

A

cognitive
associative
autonomous

120
Q

What is the cognitive stage of learning

A

earliest stage, learning motor skills, trial and error, focusing on skill itself (conscious thought) begun to understand the skill

121
Q

What is the associative stage of learning

A

practice and begins to develop mental image, apply games and motor programmes formed

122
Q

Autonomous stage of learning

A

very little conscious thought, motor programmes formed in long term memory, can focus on tactics

123
Q

What is effective feedback

A

limited amount of time spent on one thing- prevent overload

immediacy- should be ASAP so performer can link

related to individual- relate to themselves

facilitating intrinsic feedback kinasethetics allows them to correct their own errors

Pe SBR (4 decks)

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