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A-Level Physics 101 > (2.1) - Particles and Radiation > Flashcards

(2.1) - Particles and Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

(2.1.1) What do each letter stand for

AZX Notation:

A

A: Nucleon Number
Z: Proton Number
X: Chemical Symbol

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2
Q

How to calculate specific charge of nuclei

A
  • SC = Total Charge / Total Mass
  • Total charge = number of protons X 1.6 X 10^-19
  • Total Mass = (number of protons X rest mass of proton) + (number of neutrons X rest mass of neutron)
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3
Q

How to calculate specific charge of ion

A
  • SC = Total charge / Total Mass
  • Total charge = 0 - Number of electrons gained
  • Total Mass = (number of protons X rest mass of proton) + (number of neutrons X rest mass of neutron)
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4
Q

Isotope definition

A
  • Atoms of same element with same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons
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5
Q

(2.1.2)

What is the Strong Nuclear Force (SNF)

A
  • The force keeping quarks together
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6
Q

Repulsion range in SNF

A

0 - 0.5 fm

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7
Q

Attraction range in SNF

A

0.5 - 3 fm

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8
Q

Alpha decay

A
  • Nucleus emmiting 2 protons and 2 electrons
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9
Q

Beta - Decay

A

n -> p + β- + ̅νe

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10
Q

Beta + Decay

A

p -> n + β+ + νe

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11
Q

Annihilation

A

When a particle meets its corresponding antiparticle they are both destroyed and their mass is converted into energy in the form of two gamma-ray photons

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12
Q

Explain how the existance of the neutrino was hypothesised

A
  • In B- decay, electrons had a range of energies, not one fixed energy
  • This means there was missing energy, so it was hypothesised that there was another particle carrying the remained energy
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13
Q

How does a particle and antiparticle’s masses, charge and rest energy (MeV) compare?

A
  • Same masses and rest energy, but opposite charge
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14
Q

What is a photon

A
  • Massless quantum of EM energy
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15
Q

Pair Production

A

When a photon interacts with a nucleus or atom and the energy of the photon is used to create a particle–antiparticle pair

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16
Q

Four fundamental interactions:

A
  • Strong
  • Weak
  • Gravitational
  • Electromagnetic
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17
Q

Exchange Particle for SNF

A

Pion

18
Q

Exchange particle for Weak interaction

A

W boson (W+ or W-)

19
Q

Exchange particle for Electromagnetic interaction

A

Virtual photon

20
Q

The weak interaction only occurs when?

A
  • β decay
  • Electron capture
  • Electron-proton collision
21
Q

Hadrons are subject to the … interaction

A

Strong

22
Q

The two classes of hadrons:

A
  • baryons (proton, neutron) and antibaryons
    (antiproton and antineutron)
  • mesons (pion, kaon) and antimesons (antipions and antikaon)
23
Q

All quantum numbers:

A
  • Baryon
  • Lepton
  • Strange
  • Charge
24
Q

What is the only stable baryon

A

proton

25
Q

What particles are subject to conservation

A
  • Lepton
  • Charge
  • Baryon
26
Q

What do kaons decay into

A

Pions

27
Q

What are the different kind of Leptons

A
  • Electron
  • Muon
  • Neutrino
28
Q

What does a muon decay into

A

Electron

29
Q

How are strange particles produced and how do they decay

A
  • Produced in strong interaction
  • Decays in weak interaction
30
Q

Explain conservation of strangeness in all interactions

A
  • Strong, EM and Gravitational : fully conserved
  • Weak : Can change by -1, 0, and 1
31
Q

Why do particle physics relies on the collaborative efforts of large teams of scientists and engineers

A

To validate new knowledge

32
Q

Properties of quarks and antiquarks

A
  • Charge
  • Baryon number
  • Strange number
33
Q

Combination of quarks required for Proton and Neutrons (Baryons)

A
  • Proton: UUD
  • Neutron: UDD
34
Q

Combination of quarks required for Pions

A

π:
* + = udˉ
* - = duˉ
* ⁰ = uuˉ and 𝑑𝑑ˉ

35
Q

Combination of quarks required for Kaons

A

K:
* + = 𝑢𝑠ˉ
* - = 𝑠𝑢ˉ
* ⁰ = 𝑑𝑠ˉ
* K̅⁰ = sdˉ

36
Q

3 flavours of quarks

A
  • Up
  • Down
  • Strange
37
Q

When is strange number conserved

A

Every interaction except weak in a range of -1, 0 or 1

38
Q
  1. Types of Leptons
  2. Define them
A
  1. Muon, a heavier electron
  2. Electron
  3. Neutrino, a nearly mass less particle
39
Q

Types of mesons

A
  • Pion (SNF exhange particle)
  • Kaon (Strange particle, decays into pions)
40
Q

Quark character change in b- and b+ decay

A

b- neutron: neutron (udd) to proton (uud)
b+ is opposite

41
Q

In which interactions are quantities conserved

A

All except weak, where strangeness is not conserved

42
Q
A

A-Level Physics 101 (8 decks)

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