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Biology SL > 2.1 Molecules to metabolism > Flashcards

2.1 Molecules to metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic compounds

A

A compound that contains carbon and is found in living things.

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2
Q

Carbon

A
  • Atomic number 6, which means that it has 4 electrons in its outer shell.
  • These can form 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements, allowing a diversity of stable carbon compounds to exist.

Covalent bonds are the strongest type of bonds between atoms.

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3
Q

Carbon based compounds found in living organisms include:

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids

These are the 4 types of macromolecules

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4
Q

Skill: Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid.

A
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5
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Composed of CHO
  • The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1
  • Glucose is the monomer of carbohydrates
  • (CH2O)n
  • Monomers are commonly ring shaped molecules

Learn to draw alpha-d-glucose and beta-d-glucose!

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6
Q

Alpha-D-glucose

Carbohydrate - common monosacchirade

A

Used in the production of ATP in cells.

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7
Q

Beta-D-glucose

Carbohydrate - common monosacchirade

A

Used to build cell walls in plants (makes cellulose)

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8
Q

Starch

Carbohydrate

A

Used as long term storage in plants.
- Made of alpha-D-glucose

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9
Q

Ribose

Carbohydrate - common monosacchirade

A

Used as a component of RNA and DNA.

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10
Q

Lipids

A
  • Made of CHO
  • Non-polar, hydrophobic molecules
  • Serve as a major component in cell membranes (phospholipids, cholesterol)
  • May be utilised as a long-term energy storage molecule (fats and oils)
  • Also may function as a signaling molecule (steroids)
  • The monomers of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol
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11
Q

Triglycerides

Lipid

A

Used as long term storage in adipose tissue (body fat) in animals

Made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

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12
Q

Steroids

Lipid

A

Used as chemical messengers in the body.
- Have a distinct ring shape.

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13
Q

Phospholipids

Lipid

A

Major component in plasma membranes.

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14
Q

Proteins

A
  • Composed of CHON (sometimes they also contain S)
  • Consists of amino acids that are arranged in long chains (joined by peptide bonds)
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15
Q

Uses of proteins

A
  • Structural proteins - keratin, collagen
  • Enzymes - catalase
  • Hormones - insulin
  • Immunoglobin - antibodies
  • Gas transport - haemoglobin
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16
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • Composed of CHONP
  • Chains formed by nucleotides
  • Nucleotides are formed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate group
  • If the sugar is ribose, the nucleic acid formed will be RNA. If the sugar is deoxyribose then DNA is formed.
  • DNA: used to store genetic information.
  • RNA: used to create proteins at ribosomes using the information stored in DNA
17
Q

Metabolism

A

Metabolism is all of the enzymatic reactions that take place in a cell or organism.

anabolism + catabolism

18
Q

Anabolism

A
  • The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
  • The formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reaction
  • Requires the input of energy
  • Example: protein made form amino acids, starch made from glucose units
19
Q

Condensation reaction

Anabolism

A

The reaction in which two smaller organic molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the accompanied formation of water (or some other simple molecule).

20
Q

Catabolism

A
  • The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules
  • Includes the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers
  • Releases energy
  • Example: the breakdown of sugars (including glycolysis) and fats to release energy
21
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

Catabolism

A

The breaking of chemical bonds by the addition of water molecules.

22
Q

Vitalism

A

A doctrine that dictated that organic molecules could only be synthesised by living systems.
- Not from inorganic molecules.

23
Q

Urea

A
  • Wöhler accidentally synthesised urea in 1828, whilst attempting to prepare ammonium cyanate.
  • He demonstrated that a by-product of life could be artificially synthesised in a laboratory.
  • This undermines vitalism as organic chemicals were previously thought to by synthesised only by organisms.
24
Q

Polymers containing glucose

A

Starch, glycogen, amylose, amylopectin

25
Q

Polymer containing ribose

A

Ribonucleic acid - RNA

26
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Have double bonds in the carbon backbone

27
Q

Cis bonds

A

When carbon chains have a bend in them, this means that the double bonds are cis + the hydrogens on the double bonded carbons involved are on the same side of the molecule

Note: a trans bond is when the hydrogens are on either side of the double bond

28
Q

2 examples of dissacharides and their monomers

A
  1. Lactose - made of galactose and glucose
  2. Sucrose - made of fructose and glucose

Biology SL (37 decks)

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