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CIVIL 200 > 2.1 Minerals And Rocks > Flashcards

2.1 Minerals And Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals

A

Building blocks of rocks

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2
Q

Mineral Physical Properties

A

Hardness Cleavage Solubility

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3
Q

What is Hardness?

A

Resistance to abrasion

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4
Q

What is Cleavage?

A

Tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces/plane

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5
Q

What is Solubility?

A

Erosion through chemical process

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6
Q

Rock Characteristics

A

Type Age Place Structure

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7
Q

What rock types are there?

A

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

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8
Q

What is younger? Rock or Soil?

A

Soil. If soils are around for long enough they become a rock

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9
Q

What influences rock properties?

A

The process of the rock formation

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10
Q

What is an igneous rock?

A

Solidified from molten material (magma) Volcanic

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11
Q

What are the Volcanic Processes?

A

Lava tephra pyroclastic flows

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12
Q

What does explosive activity form?

A

A range of rock types - Tephra

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13
Q

What does effusive activity (magma coming to the ground surface) form?

A

Crystalline igneous rocks

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14
Q

How are plutonic rocks exposed?

A

Through uplift and erosion

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15
Q

How are plutonic rocks formed?

A

Formed at depth within the crust

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16
Q

What is a porphyritic crystal?

A

Large crystals in a fine-grained matrix - different rates of cooling over time

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17
Q

What is the cooling period for phaneritic crystals?

A

(coarse grained) slow cooling centuries+

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18
Q

What is the cooling period for aphanitic crystals?

A

(fine grained) (rapid) days to months

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19
Q

What are the different Rock Textures?

A

Fine grained (aphanitic) Coarse grained (phaneritic) large crystals in fine grained matrix (porphyritic)

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20
Q

What does extrusive mean?

A

Above earth’s surface

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21
Q

What does intrusive mean?

A

Below earth’s surface

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22
Q

What is a sub-volcanic Igneous rock?

A

The transitional rock between plutonic and volcanic

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23
Q

How are Volcanic Rocks formed?

A

In a low-pressure environment and fast cooling + extrusive

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24
Q

How are Plutonic Igneous Rocks formed?

A

In a high-pressure environment and slow cooling + intrusive

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25
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock which is less dense than the surrounding rock so rises buoyantly

26
Q

What are the types of lava?

A

High Viscosity and Low Viscosity

27
Q

What are the qualities of high viscosity lava?

A

Slow flow, Traps gas and forms vesicles

28
Q

What are the qualities of low viscosity lava?

A

Flows easily Releases gas - minimizes vesicles

29
Q

What is Tephra?

A

Fragmented material produced by a volcanic eruption

30
Q

What are the consequences of explosive tephra activity?

A

Deposits - Hot rocks and welding on landing - sedimentary process turning rock fragments into rock over time

31
Q

Pumice qualities

A

Lightweight porous crushable small fragments from volcanic eruption process

32
Q

What are Ignimbrites?

A

Pumice tuff and lithics deposited by pyroclastic flow (hot tephra material flowing away from the volcano)

33
Q

What are the types of ignimbrites?

A

Welded (vesicular and low density at shallow depths) and poorly-welded (non-vesicular and dense at greater depths)

34
Q

What are the types of Sub-Volcanic rocks?

A

Dyke and Sill

35
Q

What is a Dyke Rock?

A

Cutting across surrounding rock layers

36
Q

What is a Sill Rock?

A

Parallel to surrounding rock layers

37
Q

What rock has the most desirable engineering properties and why?

A

Intrusive and crystalline extrusive rocks. Strong - stable - little movement of water

38
Q

What does weathering of volcanic deposits produce?

A

Problematic clay deposits

39
Q

What rocks are highly variable in strength?

A

Volcanic rocks

40
Q

What is Sedimentary?

A

Mechanically and organically deposited or lithified in place

41
Q

What influences the sedimentary rock characteristics?

A

Composition of sediments - environment of deposition and transportation mechanism

42
Q

What is the lithification process?

A

The process of turning loose sediment into solid rock through compaction and cementation

43
Q

What are the sedimentary rocks produced from?

A

Pre-existing rocks = weathering and erosion. biological sources = dissolution and precipitation

44
Q

What are the Sedimentary Rock Groups?

A

Clastic Biogenic Chemical Volcaniclastic Mixed

45
Q

What is a Clastic Sedimentary Rock?

A

Formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks and minerals

46
Q

What is a Biogenic Sedimentary Rock?

A

Sedimentary rock formed from the accumulation of organic remains

47
Q

What is a Chemical Sedimentary Rock?

A

Formed from the precipitation of minerals from water

48
Q

What is a Volcaniclastic Sedimentary Rock?

A

Sedimentary rock formed from volcanic material such as ash lava fragments and volcaniclastic debris

49
Q

What are the general processes of Sedimentary Rock?

A

Weathering. Erosion & Transportation. Deposition. Accumulation and Lithification

50
Q

What are the steps in the Lithification Process?

A

Soils to Compaction to cementation and more cementation

51
Q

What are the clastic classifications?

A

Composites size shape sorting

52
Q

Which rock deposit is generally the lowest?

A

Sedimentary

53
Q

How does weathering affect exposed Sedimentary deposits?

A

Loss of strength and stability

54
Q

What is metamorphic?

A

Heat or pressure changing one rock to another type

55
Q

How are Metamorphic Rocks formed?

A

From pre-existing rock deposits. where the original is either modified or destroyed

56
Q

Why do Metamorphic Rocks form?

A

As a result of heat and pressure

57
Q

What does it mean when a Metamorphic Rock is formed?

A

New minerals. new structures

58
Q

What is the Metamorphic process?

A

Contact - high heat. dynamic - deformation and pressure. regional - high heat and pressure

59
Q

What are the characteristics of Metamorphic rocks?

A

Granular similar to igneous rocks. foliated - grain flattening or stretching - a non-uniform pressure is applied to the rock

60
Q

How does the Metamorphic rock change properties?

A

Through temperature and pressure

61
Q

Which Metamorphic rock is strong and stable?

A

Granular

62
Q

Which Metamorphic rock is weaker along the planes?

A

Foliated

CIVIL 200 (3 decks)

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