2.1 - Metabolic Pathways Flashcards
Metabolism
The chemical reactions that occur in a cell that are necessary for life.
These chemical reactions are single steps in large closely integrated pathways that are controlled by enzymes.
Reversible Steps
The pathway can go in both directions using the same enzyme.
Irreversible Steps
The patent can only go in one direction using an enzyme.
Alternative Pathways
Metabolic pathways can have alternative routes. This can speed up the metabolic pathway.
Catabolic Pathways
Catabolic reactions break down large molecules into smaller molecules.
This releases energy.
Anabolic Pathways
Anabolic reactions build up large molecules from smaller molecules.
This requires energy.
Membranes
Organelles that contain membranes include:
- Chloroplasts
- Mitochondria
- Cell membrane
Protein Pores
Pores allow molecules and ions to pass across the membrane through passive transport (diffusion and osmosis)
Protein Pumps
Pumps carry molecules and ions across the membrane through active transport.
Enzymes
Metabolic reactions are controlled by the presence or absence of particular enzymes and the regulation of the rate of key enzymes.
Enzymes: Active Site
The active site on an enzyme has a specific shape that is determined by the bonds between amino acids.
Enzymes: Induced Fit
The active site changes its shape to better fit the substrate after the substrate binds.
Affinity
The substrate molecule(s) have a high affinity for the active site. This pulls the substrates close to the active site.
The product(s) produced have a low affinity which allows them to leave the active site.
Activation Energy
Induced fit lowers the activation energy required to start a metabolic reaction.
Activation Energy (Ea)
The energy required to break or form bonds.
Enzymes lower the activation energy by bringing substrates of a reaction close together.