1.8 - Genomic Sequencing Flashcards
Genomic Sequencing
Genomic sequencing is determining the order of nucleotide bases for individual genes or an entire genome.
Bioinformatics
Computer programs (computer and statistical analyses) can be used to identify base sequences by looking for sequences that are similar to known genes.
Comparing Genomes
Comparing genomes from different species shows that many genes are highly conserved across different organisms.
This means that many organisms have genes that are the same.
Differences in sequence data has provided evidence for the three domains of life. These are:
* Bacteria
* Eukaryotic
* Archaea
The genomes that have been sequenced are:
* disease-carrying organisms
* pest organisms
* species that are important models for research
Phylogenics
Phylogenises is the study of evolutionary history and relationships.
Sequence data is used to study the evolutionary relatednes among groups of organisms.
Main Evolutionary Events
Cells –> Last universal ancestor –> prokaryote –> photosynthetic organisms –> eukaryote –> multicelluar organisims –> animals –> vertebrates –> land plants
Sequence Divergence
Sequence divergence is the differences in sequence DNA.
Molecular Clock
Sequence divergence is used to estimate time since lineages diverged during evolution.
Molecular clocks assume that mutations occur at a constant rate and work by looking at differences in DNA or amino acid sequences.
So differences in sequence data batween species indicates the time of divergence (new species formed) from a common ancestor.
Pharmacognetics
An individual’s genome can be analysed to predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases.
Pharmacognetics is the use of genome information in the choice of drugs.
Personalised Medicine
An individual’s personal genome sequence can be used to select the most effective drugs and dosage to treat their disease.
