2.1 - Learning Flashcards
Learning
process of acquiring knowledge, skills or behaviours through experience
Classical conditioning’s key elements
NS
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Neutral Stimulus
stimulus that does not normally produce a predictable response
o E.g. the bell
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that produces a naturally occurring automatic response
o E.g. the food
Unconditioned response (UCR)
response that automatically occurs when the UCS is presented
o E.g. salivation
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that eventually becomes associated with the UCS, and because of the learning will evoke a response
o E.g. the bell
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned response to the conditioned stimulus
o E.g. salivation
Classical Conditioning
a process of learning through the involuntary association between neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning - Before Conditioning
before - ns no response, no significance. ucs elicits ucr
Classical Conditioning - During Conditioning
during - ns repeatedly paired ucs immediately before to produce ucr
Classical Conditioning - After Conditioning
after - ns is now cs producing cr
Operant Conditioning
a three-phase learning process that involves an antecedent, behaviour and consequence, whereby the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood it will reoccur
Operant Conditioning - Anecedent
the stimulus or event that precedes and often inflicts a particular behaviour
o The owner says the command word ‘sit’ to their dog
Operant Conditioning - Behaviour
the voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent
o The dog sits in response to the command word ‘sit’
Operant Conditioning - Consequence
the outcome of the behaviour which determines the likelihood that it will occur again
o The owner gives their dog a treat after they sit upon command, increasing the likelihood the dog will sit on command again in the future
Reinforcement
refers to a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Positive Reinforcement
The addition of a desirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. receiving $50 for cleaning your room
Negative Reinforcement
The removal of an undesirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. cancelling a detention because you handed in your homework
Punishment
refers to a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Positive Punishment
the addition of an undesirable stimulus, which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. staying back after school to pick up rubbish
Negative Punishment
the removal of a desirable stimulus which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. taking away your mobile phone for a week
Factors that influence effectiveness of punishment and reinforcement
Timing
Order of presentation
Appropriateness
Three-phase template
The antecedent of _____ leads to…
The behaviour of _____
Which results in the consequence of _____ which is an example of (… reinforcement)
Similarities - Classical and Operant
- Both are behaviourist approaches to learning
- Three-phase processes of learning
Differences - Classical and Operant
- Operant = voluntary, classical = involuntary
- Operant = consequence, no consequence in classical
