2.1 - Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

process of acquiring knowledge, skills or behaviours through experience

Question 2

Classical conditioning’s key elements

Answer 2

NS
UCS
UCR
CS
CR

Question 3

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 3

stimulus that does not normally produce a predictable response
o E.g. the bell

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

stimulus that produces a naturally occurring automatic response
o E.g. the food

Question 5

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 5

response that automatically occurs when the UCS is presented
o E.g. salivation

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

stimulus that eventually becomes associated with the UCS, and because of the learning will evoke a response
o E.g. the bell

Question 7

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 7

learned response to the conditioned stimulus
o E.g. salivation

Question 8

Classical Conditioning

Answer 8

a process of learning through the involuntary association between neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response

Question 9

Classical Conditioning - Before Conditioning

Answer 9

before - ns no response, no significance. ucs elicits ucr

Question 10

Classical Conditioning - During Conditioning

Answer 10

during - ns repeatedly paired ucs immediately before to produce ucr

Question 11

Classical Conditioning - After Conditioning

Answer 11

after - ns is now cs producing cr

Question 12

Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

a three-phase learning process that involves an antecedent, behaviour and consequence, whereby the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood it will reoccur

Question 13

Operant Conditioning - Anecedent

Answer 13

the stimulus or event that precedes and often inflicts a particular behaviour
o The owner says the command word ‘sit’ to their dog

Question 14

Operant Conditioning - Behaviour

Answer 14

the voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent
o The dog sits in response to the command word ‘sit’

Question 15

Operant Conditioning - Consequence

Answer 15

the outcome of the behaviour which determines the likelihood that it will occur again
o The owner gives their dog a treat after they sit upon command, increasing the likelihood the dog will sit on command again in the future

Question 16

Reinforcement

Answer 16

refers to a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

Question 17

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 17

The addition of a desirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. receiving $50 for cleaning your room

Question 18

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 18

The removal of an undesirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. cancelling a detention because you handed in your homework

Question 19

Punishment

Answer 19

refers to a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

Question 20

Positive Punishment

Answer 20

the addition of an undesirable stimulus, which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. staying back after school to pick up rubbish

Question 21

Negative Punishment

Answer 21

the removal of a desirable stimulus which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. taking away your mobile phone for a week

Question 22

Factors that influence effectiveness of punishment and reinforcement

Answer 22

Timing
Order of presentation
Appropriateness

Question 23

Three-phase template

Answer 23

The antecedent of _____ leads to…
The behaviour of _____
Which results in the consequence of _____ which is an example of (… reinforcement)

Question 24

Similarities - Classical and Operant

Answer 24

• Both are behaviourist approaches to learning
• Three-phase processes of learning

Question 25

Differences - Classical and Operant

Answer 25

• Operant = voluntary, classical = involuntary
• Operant = consequence, no consequence in classical