2.1 - Learning Flashcards
(25 cards)
Learning
process of acquiring knowledge, skills or behaviours through experience
Classical conditioning’s key elements
NS
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Neutral Stimulus
stimulus that does not normally produce a predictable response
o E.g. the bell
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that produces a naturally occurring automatic response
o E.g. the food
Unconditioned response (UCR)
response that automatically occurs when the UCS is presented
o E.g. salivation
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that eventually becomes associated with the UCS, and because of the learning will evoke a response
o E.g. the bell
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned response to the conditioned stimulus
o E.g. salivation
Classical Conditioning
a process of learning through the involuntary association between neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning - Before Conditioning
before - ns no response, no significance. ucs elicits ucr
Classical Conditioning - During Conditioning
during - ns repeatedly paired ucs immediately before to produce ucr
Classical Conditioning - After Conditioning
after - ns is now cs producing cr
Operant Conditioning
a three-phase learning process that involves an antecedent, behaviour and consequence, whereby the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood it will reoccur
Operant Conditioning - Anecedent
the stimulus or event that precedes and often inflicts a particular behaviour
o The owner says the command word ‘sit’ to their dog
Operant Conditioning - Behaviour
the voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent
o The dog sits in response to the command word ‘sit’
Operant Conditioning - Consequence
the outcome of the behaviour which determines the likelihood that it will occur again
o The owner gives their dog a treat after they sit upon command, increasing the likelihood the dog will sit on command again in the future
Reinforcement
refers to a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Positive Reinforcement
The addition of a desirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. receiving $50 for cleaning your room
Negative Reinforcement
The removal of an undesirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. cancelling a detention because you handed in your homework
Punishment
refers to a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Positive Punishment
the addition of an undesirable stimulus, which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. staying back after school to pick up rubbish
Negative Punishment
the removal of a desirable stimulus which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
o E.g. taking away your mobile phone for a week
Factors that influence effectiveness of punishment and reinforcement
Timing
Order of presentation
Appropriateness
Three-phase template
The antecedent of _____ leads to…
The behaviour of _____
Which results in the consequence of _____ which is an example of (… reinforcement)
Similarities - Classical and Operant
- Both are behaviourist approaches to learning
- Three-phase processes of learning
