21 - Imaging of the Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What colour are denser objects on X-rays and CT?

A
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2
Q

Why would a CT scan be used over an x-ray to image the head and neck?

A
  • Can see soft tissue better and can create bone, soft tissue and lung windows
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3
Q

What mode of imaging would you use if a patient presented to A and E with a severe head injury?

A
  • CT as MRI is more expensive, takes up to 30 minutes and need to fill in check list to make sure compatible e.g metallic foreign bodies
  • MRI used in setting of finding pathology on CT and wanting to explore further or suspect spinal cord injury
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4
Q

When would you use the following to image the head and neck regions:

  • Ultrasound
  • CT
  • MRI
  • X-Ray
A

- US: thyroid, superficial infection, carotid doppler, neck lumps

- CT: trauma, malignancy, infection, angiogram, intracranial haemorraghes, orbital fracture

- MRI: tumour evaluation, cervical spinal cord traumatic injury, head and neck tumours

- XR: facial bone fracture

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5
Q

What is being shown on this facial x-ray?

A
  • Tripod fracture

Fractre of: zygomatic arch; lateral orbital wall; inferior orbital wall

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6
Q

What is being shown on this facial x-ray?

A

- Black eyebrow sign

  • Air in the superior orbit, mostly due to orbital fracture
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7
Q

Where on this x-ray should you look for fractures?

A

Most common areas along the lines of fracture

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8
Q

What is the abnormality on this orthopantomogram?

A

If you see one break almost certainly will have another, like a polo

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9
Q

What is the abnormality on this facial x ray?

A

Fractured right orbit with blood in the paranasal sinus

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10
Q

What is being shown on this sagittal x-ray of the skull and what is it a sign of?

A

Fluid in the sphenoid sinus just below the sella turcica, sign of base skull fracture. If you see any fluid in air spaces suspect infection or fracture

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11
Q

Why may you do a cervical spine x ray?

A
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12
Q

Label the following x-ray of the saggital spine.

A
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13
Q

When looking at a saggital view of the cervical spine on x-ray, what is considered normal?

A
  • Spinous process in straight line and equal distance between
  • 4 straight lines but if not may be spinal cord injury
  • 3mm atlantodens angle, anymore could be dislocation of atlas on axis so spinal cord injury
  • Soft tissue thickening could be retropharyngeal axis
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14
Q

What are the possible diagnoses for this open mouth x ray?

A
  • Dislocation of axis on atlas
  • Jefferson fracture

The line between C2 and C1 should be straight like this image

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15
Q

How can you tell if a spinal column fracture is stable or unstable?

A

Stable: only one column affected

Unstable: more than one column affected

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16
Q

What is this CT scan showing?

A
  • Extradural haemorraghe, can see fracture on bone window image
17
Q

What is being shown on the following CT?

A
  • Chronic subdural haemorraghe as dark not white
  • Correct anticoagulation and manage conservatively if small as slow venous bleed
18
Q

What is being shown on the following CT?

A
  • Subarachnoid haemorraghe from trauma or ruptured aneurysm
19
Q

How can you test the function of the optic nerve?

A
  • Visual acuity
  • Pupillary light reflex
  • Not fundoscopy as this is looking at the anatomy
20
Q

What is the function of the macula?

A
  • Point of retina for central vision and highest acuity vision
21
Q

What two structures protect the larynx from aspiration?

A
  • Vocal cords by adducting and closing glottis
  • Epiglottis by closing over laryngeal inlet
22
Q
A

Middle ear, not geniculate ganglion as this is where the greater petrosal nerve comes off

23
Q
A
  • Webers would lateralise to the right affected side as conductive hearing loss so nothing to mask the sound of the bone conduction
  • Rinne’s the bone conduction would be louder than air conduction
24
Q

What branch of the facial nerve conveys function of taste from the tongue?

A

Chorda Tympani

25
Q

How should you deal with a nose bleed if applying firm pressure to the fleshy part of the nose doesn’t work?

A
  • Start with cautery and then if this doesn’t work pack
  • Monitor b.p as can lose a lot of blood with nose bleeds
26
Q

What nerves are involved in the cough reflex?

A
27
Q

What cartilages arise from each pharyngeal arch?

A