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Human Anatomy > 2.1 Histology of Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

2.1 Histology of Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord; contains 85 billlion neurons

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All nerves outside CNS; include nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors

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3
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of 100-1000 axons + associated connective tissue and blood vessels

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4
Q

Pairs of Cranial Nerves;

Spinal nerves?

A

12;

31

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5
Q

Ganglia

A

small masses of nervous tissue located outside the CNS; consists primarily of neuron cell bodies

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6
Q

Enteric plexuses

A

network of neurons located in the GI walls

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7
Q

Sensory receptor

A

monitors changes in external and internal env

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8
Q

PNS is divided into:

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Enteric nervous system (ENS)

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9
Q

SNS consists of:

A

sensory neurons - convey info to CNS from somatic receptors

motor neurons - conduct impulses for CNS to skeletal muscles only

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10
Q

ANS consists of

A

sensory nueron - convey info to CNS from autonomic sensory receptors

motor nuerons - conduct nerve impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Note: it is usually involuntary

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11
Q

Motor part of ANS

A

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division

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12
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory: detect internal stimuli
Integrative: process sensory info
Motor: may elicit appropriate response by activating effectors

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13
Q

Two types of cells in nervous tisse

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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14
Q

Neuroglia

A

support, nourish, and protects neurons, and maintains the interstitial fluid that bathes them

smaller than neurons, but greatly outnumber them

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15
Q

Electrical Excitability

A

The ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential

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16
Q

Stimulus

A

any change in the env that is strong enough to start an action potential

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17
Q

Action Potential / Nerve Impulse

A

electrical signal; propagates along the surface of the neuron membrane;
travels rapidly at constant strength

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18
Q

Parts of a nueron

A

Cell body, dendrites, and an axon

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19
Q

Cell body / Perikaryon / Soma

A

contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical cellular organelles

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20
Q

Nissl bodies

A

sites of protein synthesis

used to replace cellular components of neurons and to regenerate damaged axon

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21
Q

neurofibrils

A

provide cell shape and support

made of bundles of intermediate filaments

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22
Q

Microtubules

A

moves materials between cell body and axon

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23
Q

Lipofuscin

A

A product of neuronal lysosomes that accumulates as the neuron ages, but does not harm the neuron

24
Q

Nerve fiberPikac

A

general term for any neural extension that emerges from a its cell body

Two kinds of processes: an axon or many dendrites

25
Q

Dendrites

A

receiving or input portions of a neuron

its plasma membrane contains many receptor sites for binding chemical messengers

usually short, tapering, and highly branches

26
Q

Axon

A

propagates nerve impulses towards another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell

contains mitochondira, microtubules, neurofibrils, but no Rough ER so no protein synthesis

27
Q

Axon hillock

A

cone-shaped elevation where the axon joins the cell body

28
Q

Initial segment

A

part of the axon closest to the axon hillock

29
Q

Trigger zone

A

area where the nerve impulses arise at the junction of the axon hillock and the initial segme3nt

30
Q

Axoplasm and Axolemma

A

Cytoplasm of an axon;

Plasma membrane of axon

31
Q

Axon collaterals

A

side branches along the length of an axon

32
Q

axon terminal / axon telodendria

A

fine processes in which the axon and its collaterals divide into and end

33
Q

synapse

A

site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell

34
Q

slow axonal transport

A

supplies new axoplasm to developing or regenerating axons; replenishes axoplasm in growing and mature axons

conveys axoplams in one direction only; moves materials about 1-5 mm per day

35
Q

Fast axonal transport

A

moves membrane vesicles and other cellular materials from the axon terminals to the cell body to be degraded or recycled

moves materials in both directions (200-400mm per day)
uses proteins that function as “motors”

36
Q

Neuron classification acc. to structure

A

Multipolar neurons: several dendrites, one axon
Bipolar Neurons: one main dendrite, one axon
Unipolar neurons: dendrites and one axon are fused together; more appropriately called pseudounipolar neurons

37
Q

Neuron classification acc. to function

A

Sensory (Afferent)
Motor (Efferent)
Interneurons

38
Q

Sensory / Afferent neurons

A

either contain sensory receptors at their distal ends OR are located just after sensory receptors that are separate cells;

most are unipolar in structure

39
Q

Motor / Efferent neurons

A

convey action potentials AWAY from the CNS to effectors

Multipolar in structure

40
Q

Interneurons / Association neurons

A

mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons

most are multipolar in structure

41
Q

Types of neuroglia

A

CNS: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

PNS: Schwann cells and satellite cells

42
Q

Astrocytes

A

star-shaped cells that have many processes and are the largest and most numerous of all neuroglia

43
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

Functions:
support neurons

maintain the unique selective permeability of the endothelial cells (blood-brain barrier)

regulate the growth, migration, and interconnection among neurons in the brain

maintain chemical env for generation of nerve impulses

influences formation of neural synapse

44
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

look like astrocytes but are smaller and have fewer processes

forms and maintains the myelin sheath around CNS axons

45
Q

Myelin sheath

A

multilayered lipid and protein covering around axons that insulate them and increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction

46
Q

Microglial cell / Microglia

A 
small cells with spine-like projections 
function as phagocytes that remove cellular debris , damaged nervous tissue, or microbes
47
Q

Ependymal cells

A

produce, monitor and assist the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

single layer of columnar or cuboidal cells that possess microvilli and cilia

48
Q

Schwann cells

A

form the myelin sheath around axons; one cell can only myelinate one axon

participate in axon regeneration, easier to do in PNS than CNS

49
Q

Satellite cells

A

provide structural support

regulate the exchanges of material between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

50
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neuronal cells bodies in the PNS

51
Q

nucleus

A

cluster of neuronal cells bodies in the CNS

52
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons located in the PNS

53
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons located in the CNS

54
Q

White matter

A

composed primarily of myelinated axons

55
Q

gray matter

A

contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglia

Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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