2.1: Diet and Nutrition

Question 1

carbohydrate

Answer 1

Sugars and starches stored in the body as glycogen and converted to glucose to fuel energy production

Question 2

protein

Answer 2

Amino acids essential for the growth and repair of cells and tissues

Question 3

enzyme

Answer 3

Biological catalyst which increases the speed of chemical reactions

Question 4

fats

Answer 4

Triglycerides which provide the body with fatty acids for energy production

Question 5

saturated fatty acids

Answer 5

A type of fat molecule typically solid at room temperature, mainly found in animal product which, when consumed excessively, can be associated with heart disease

Question 6

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 6

A type of fat molecule typically liquid at room temperature, mainly found in sunflower, olive and fish oils, which can help to lower cholesterol

Question 7

Vitamins and minerals

Answer 7

Essential organic and inorganic nutrients required for healthy body function

Question 8

Energy

Answer 8

The ability to perform work (joules or calories)

Question 9

Energy expenditure

Answer 9

The sum of basal metabolic rate, the thermal effect of food and the energy expended through physical activity.

Question 10

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 10

The minimum amount of energy required to sustain essential physiological function at rest, which can account for as much as 75% of total energy expenditure

Question 11

thermic effect of food (TEF)

Answer 11

The energy required to eat, digest, absorb and use food taken in, which accounts for a very small percentage of the total energy expenditure

Question 12

physical activity energy expenditure

Answer 12

The total number of calories required to perform daily tasks, which can be estimated using MET values

Question 13

metabolic equivalent (MET) value

Answer 13

The ratio of a performers working metabolic rate to their resting metabolic rate

Question 14

Energy intake

Answer 14

The total amount of energy from food and beverages consumed measured in joules or calories

Question 15

Energy balance

Answer 15

The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure

Question 16

ergogenic aid

Answer 16

A substance, object or method used to improve or enhance performance

Question 17

pharmacological aids

Answer 17

A group of ergogenic aids taken to increase the levels of hormones or neurotransmitters naturally produced by the body, including anabolic steroids, erythropoietin and human growth hormone

Question 18

anabolic steroids

Answer 18

A group of illegal synthetic hormones resembling testosterone to promote protein synthesis for muscle growth, recovery and repair

Question 19

recombinant erythropoietin (RhEPO)

Answer 19

illegal synthetic product copying natural erythropoietin hormone responsible for red blood cell production

Question 20

Hyper-viscosity

Answer 20

excessively thickened blood with higher resistance to flow

Question 21

Human growth hormone (HGH)

Answer 21

Illegal synthetic product copying natural growth hormone to increase protein synthesis for muscle growth, recovery and repair

Question 22

physiological aids

Answer 22

A group of ergogenic aids used to increase the rate of adaptation by the body to increase performance, including blood doping, intermittent hypoxic training and cooling aids

Question 23

blood doping

Answer 23

An illegal method of increasing red blood cell content by infusing blood prior to competition

Question 24

intermittent hypoxic training (IHT)

Answer 24

Interval training with work intervals performed under hypoxic conditions

Question 25

hypoxia

Answer 25

A condition where the body is subjected to an inadequate oxygen supply to maintain normal function

Question 26

buffering capacity

Answer 26

The ability to resist changes in pH – for example, the ability to reduce the negative effect of hydrogen ions on muscular contraction

Question 27

onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

Answer 27

The point where there is a dramatic rise in the blood lactate levels causing the onset of fatigue

Question 28

Cooling aids

Answer 28

range of product, such as ice vests, packs and baths used to reduce core temperature, treat injury and speed up recovery

Question 29

Thermal strain

Answer 29

additional pressure placed on the body by an increase in temperature that can cause short and long-term negative effects

Question 30

cardiovascular drift

Answer 30

upward drift of heart rate during sustained steady state activity associated with an increase in body temperature (1° can increase HR by 10bpm)

Question 31

Glycaemic index (GI)

Answer 31

A rating scale showing how quickly a carbohydrate affects blood glucose levels

Question 32

hypoglycaemia

Answer 32

Low blood glucose levels associated with dizziness, shaking and raised heart rate

Question 33

Glycogen/carbohydrate loading

Answer 33

the manipulation of carbohydrate intake in the week before competition to maximise stores of glycogen

Question 34

Electrolytes

Answer 34

salts and minerals, such as sodium and potassium, that conduct electrical impulses. Lost through the sweat but essential to replace in order to prevent early fatigue.

Question 35

Creatine supplementation

Answer 35

consumption of creatine monohydrate to increase stores of PC to increase intensity and duration of performance

Question 36

Caffeine

Answer 36

a stimulant used to heighten the central nervous system and metabolise fats to prolong aerobic energy production

Question 37

Bicarbonate

Answer 37

an alkaline which acts as a buffer to neutralise the rise in lactic acid associated with intense anaerobic activity. Its use is known as 'soda loading'.

Question 38

Nitrates

Answer 38

inorganic compounds which dilate blood vessels, reducing blood pressure and increasing blood flow to the muscles