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PE A Level > 1.2: Cardiovascular and respiratory systems > Flashcards

1.2: Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart

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2
Q

Systemic circuit

A

circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart

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3
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

blood saturated with oxygen and nutrients, such as glucose

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4
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

blood depleted of oxygen, saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products

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5
Q

Conduction system

A

a set of structures in the cardiac muscle which create and transmit an electrical impulse, forcing the atria and ventricles to contract

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6
Q

Myogenic

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract

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7
Q

Diastole

A

the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where chambers fill with blood

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8
Q

Systole

A

the contraction phase of cardiac muscle where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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9
Q

Heart rate

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute (resting HR, approximately 72 bpm)

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10
Q

Stroke volume

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat (resting SV, approximately 70 ml)

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11
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute. HR x SV = Q (resting Q, approximately 5 l/min)

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12
Q

Bradycardia

A

a resting heart rate below 60 bpm

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13
Q

Venous return

A

the return of blood through the right atria through the veins

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14
Q

Sub-maximal

A

a low-to-moderate intensity of exercise within a performer’s aerobic capacity

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15
Q

Maximal

A

a high intensity of exercise above a performer’s aerobic capacity that will induce fatigue

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16
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism (Starling’s law)

A

increased venous return leads to an increased stroke volume, due to an increased stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction

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17
Q

Cardiac Control Centre (CCC)

A

a control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation

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18
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise

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19
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR, specifically during recovery

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20
Q

Vasodilate

A

widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

21
Q

Vasoconstrict

A

narrowing of arteries, arterioles and capillary sphincters

22
Q

Inspiration

A

drawing of air into the lungs

23
Q

Expiration

A

expelling of air from the lungs

24
Q

Blood pooling

A

accumulation of blood in the veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return

25
Q

Active recovery

A

low-intensity activity post exercise to maintain elevated heart and breathing rates

26
Q

Vascular shunt mechanism

A

the retribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the percentage of blood flow to the skeletal muscles

27
Q

Arterioles

A

blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillary beds, which can vasodilate and vasoconstrict to regulate blood flow

28
Q

Pre-capillary sphincters

A

rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries which can dilate or constrict to control blood flow through the capillary bed

29
Q

Vasomotor control centre

A

the control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution

30
Q

Vasomotor tone

A

the partial state of smooth muscle constriction in the arterial walls

31
Q

Alveoli

A

clusters of tiny air sacs covered in a dense network of capillaries which together serve as the external site for gaseous exchange

32
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood stream and carbon dioxide from the blood stream into the alveoli

33
Q

Haemoglobin

A

an iron-rich globular protein in red blood cells which can chemically combine with four O2 molecules to form oxyhaemoglobin

34
Q

Oxygen

A

the essential gas required for aerobic energy production in the muscle cells

35
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

the waste product of aerobic energy production in the muscle cells

36
Q

Breathing rate

A

the number of inspirations or expirations (breaths) per minute (resting, approximately 12-15 breaths/min)

37
Q

Tidal volume

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per breath (resting, approximately 500ml)

38
Q

Minute ventilation

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute.
TV x f = VE (resting, approximately 6-7.5 l/min)

39
Q

Respiratory control centre (RCC)

A

a control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for respiratory regulation

40
Q

Inspiratory centre (IC)

A

a control centre within the RCC responsible for inspiration

41
Q

Expiratory centre (EC)

A

a control centre within the RCC responsible for expiration

42
Q

Partial pressure

A

the pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases

43
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of gases across a membrane down a gradient from an area of high pressure (or concentration) to an area of low pressure (or concentration)

44
Q

Diffusion gradient

A

the difference in areas of pressure (or concentration) from one side of a membrane to the other

45
Q

Association

A

the combining of oxygen with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

46
Q

Dissociation

A

the release of oxygen from haemoglobin for gaseous exchange

47
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

a graph showing the relationship between pO2 and percentage saturation of haemoglobin

48
Q

Bohr shift

A

a move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream

PE A Level (3 decks)

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