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GI Unit > 2.1 Development of the gut 1+2 > Flashcards

2.1 Development of the gut 1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 layers of the trilaminar disc?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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2
Q

what is formed from the ectoderm?

A 
skin
hair
epidermis
nails
nerve tissue
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3
Q

what is formed from the endoderm?

A

inner epithelial lining of GI
respiratory tract
urinary tract
reproductive tract

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4
Q

what 3 segments does the mesoderm develop into?

A

paraxial mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
lateral mesoderm

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5
Q

what does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to?

A

somites

  • skeletal muscle
  • cartilage
  • vertebrae
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6
Q

what does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

gonads and kidneys

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7
Q

what does the lateral plate mesoderm give rise to?

A

splits into two sections.
splanchnic section forms viscera
somatic section forms body tissue

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8
Q

what process does the embryo begin in the 4th week?

A

lateral folding

craniocaudal folding

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9
Q

what does lateral folding achieve?

A

creates ventral body wall

primitive gut becomes tubular

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10
Q

what does cranio caudal folding achieve?

A

creates cranial and caudal pockets from yolk sac endoderm

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11
Q

what are blind diverticula?

A

the blind ends at the cranial and caudal ends of the primitive gut tube

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12
Q

what is the opening into the umbilicus from the midgut called?

A

the vitelline duct

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13
Q

what are the 3 embryonic divisions of the primitive gut tube?

A

foregut
mid gut
hindgut

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14
Q

what are the structures of the foregut

A 
oesophagus
stomach 
pancreas
liver
bile ducts 
gallbladder 
midpoint of the second part of the duodenum
lower respiratory tract
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15
Q

what are the structures of the midgut

A 
distal duodenum
jejunum
ileum
caecum
ascending colon
2/3 of transverse colon
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16
Q

what are the structures of the hindgut

A 
distal 1/3 of the transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
upper anal canal
cloaca
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17
Q

why is it a problem if the vitelline duct persists after birth ?

A
  1. meckels diverticulum - outpouching in small intesting - favoured area for carcinogens
  2. connection between midgut and umbilicus
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18
Q

what does the intraembryonic coelom form?

A

the abdominal and thoracic cavities, which are seperated by the developing diphragm

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19
Q

what is the splanchapleuric mesoderm?

A

where the splanchnic portion of the lateral mesoderm adheres to the endoderm of the gut. Forms viscera

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20
Q

what is the somatopleuric mesoderm?

A

where the somatic portion of the lateral mesoderm adheres to the ectoderm to create body walls and dermis

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21
Q

what structures are formed from the mesodermal membrane sorrounding the intraembryonic coelom?

A

pericardium
pleural membrane
peritoneum

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22
Q

what is a mesentery?

A

a double fold of peritoneum suspending the gut tube and viscera from the abdominal wall

23
Q

what is the purpose of mesenteries?

A

allow a conduit for blood and nerve supply

allow mobility where needed

24
Q

what embryonic structure forms the mesenteries?

A

condensation of splanchnic mesoderm

25
Q

describe the difference between the ventral mesentery and the dorsal mesentery

A

dorsal mesentery = supplies the entire aspect of the gut

vental mesentery = only suspends the foregut

26
Q

what structure does the right sac of the foregut peritoneum become?

A

becomes the lesser sac the lies behind the stomach

27
Q

what does the left sac of the foregut peritoneum become?

A

the greater sac

28
Q

what are omenta?

A

specialised regions of periotoneum

29
Q

what forms the greater omentum

A

the dorsal mesentery

30
Q

what forms the lesser omentum

A

ventral mesentery

31
Q

what does the free edge of the lesser omentum conduct?

A

the portal triad

32
Q

what are the consequences of the rotation of the stomach?

A

Puts the vagus nerves anterior and posterior to the stomach (instead of left and right)
• Shifts cardia and pylorus from the midline
• Stomach comes to lie obliquely
• Contributes to moving the lesser sac behind the stomach
• Creates the greater omentum

33
Q

how do retroperitoneal structures vary from secondary retroperitoneal structures

A

retroperitoneal were never in the peritoneal cavity and never had a mesentery
secondarily retroperitoneal began development invested by peritoneum. Had a mesentery but with successive development, the mesentery is lost through fusion at posterior abdominal wall

34
Q

when does the buccopharyngeal membrane rupture?

A

in the 4th week to form the mouth

35
Q

when is the anus formed?

A

in the 7th week by the rupture of the cloaca

36
Q

what is the blood supply to the foregut?

A

coeliac artery

37
Q

what is the blood supply to the mid gut?

A

the superior mesenteric artery

38
Q

what is the blood supply to the hindgut?

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

39
Q

what is the function of the tracheoesophageal septum

A

to cleave the respiratory bud from the oesophagus in the foregut at the 4th week of development

40
Q

what can happen if there is a problem with tracheoesophageal septum development?

A

blind-end oesophagus

tracheoesophageal fistula

41
Q

what changes happen to the lumen of the gut during development?

A

5TH week = lumen closes due to endoderm proliferation

9th week = recanalisation of the gut lumen

42
Q

describe the development of the stomach

A

develops on the dorsal aspect of the foregut before being rotated 90 degrees to lie obliqely

43
Q

why do visceral and parietal peritoneum localise pain differently

A

visceral peritoneum derived from the splanchnic mesoderm = vague pain
parietal peritoneum derived from the somatic mesoderm = can localise pain

44
Q

where does the spleen develop in the embryo?

A

in the dorsal mesentery of the foregut

45
Q

where does the liver develop in the embryo?

A

in the ventral mesentery of the foregut

46
Q

how does the foregut rotate in development?

A

90 degrees clockwise

47
Q

what does the right and left vagus nerves become?

A

right vagus = posterior vagal trunk

left vagus = anterior vagal trunk

48
Q

what is the connection between the greater and lesser sac called?

A

the foramen of winslow / epipolic foramen

49
Q

where is the falciform ligament?

A

remenants of the ventral mesentery, anterior wall of abdomen to the liver

50
Q

where is the lesser omentum

A

mesentery between the liver and the stomach

51
Q

where is the gastrosplenic ligament?

A

connection from the stomach to the spleen

52
Q

where is the splenorenal mesentery?

A

between the spleen and the posterior abdominal wall

53
Q

how does the pancreas develop?

A

Develops in 2 buds
Ventral section buds from the hepatic diverticulum. Larger dorsal bud branches from the foregut beneath the stomach. ventral bud moves around posteriorly to sit beneath the dorsal bud when the foregut rotates. buds fuse.

54
Q

Describe the development of the duodenum

A

Develops from the caudal foregut and cranial midgut.

Shape determined by rotation of stomach. Becomes secondary retroperitoneal

GI Unit (14 decks)

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