2.1 Describe biological theories of criminality Flashcards
Who proposed the atavistic form theory of criminality?
Cesare Lombroso (1876).
What did Lombroso’s theory suggest?
Criminals are born, not made, and have physical features such as asymmetrical faces, large jaws, high cheekbones, and long arms.
What is a criticism of Lombroso’s theory?
It is considered scientifically flawed and racist, as many of the “criminal” features were based on stereotypes.
What did Sheldon’s somatotype theory suggest?
Criminal behaviour is linked to body types:
Mesomorphs (muscular, aggressive) = Most likely to be criminals
Ectomorphs (thin, introverted) = Least likely
Endomorphs (fat, sociable) = Less likely
What do biological theories of criminality suggest?
They propose that criminal behavior is influenced by genetics, brain structure, or physiological factors rather than solely social or environmental influences.
What is a criticism of Sheldon’s theory?
It focuses too much on appearance and does not account for environmental influences.
What does the genetic theory of criminality suggest?
Criminal tendencies can be inherited through genes passed from parents to children.
What evidence supports the genetic theory?
Twin studies show higher concordance rates for criminal behavior in identical twins (MZ) than fraternal twins (DZ).
What is the XYY syndrome theory?
Some males have an extra Y chromosome (XYY), which may make them more aggressive and prone to crime.
What is a criticism of the XYY theory?
Not all XYY males are criminals, and many criminals do not have XYY syndrome.
How do brain injuries relate to criminality?
Damage to areas like the prefrontal cortex (which controls impulse and decision-making) can lead to increased aggression and criminal behaviour.
What is an example of a case linking brain injury to crime?
Phineas Gage – After a severe brain injury, his personality changed, making him more aggressive and impulsive.
How do biochemical factors influence criminality?
Hormones and chemicals, such as high testosterone and low serotonin, have been linked to aggressive behaviour.
What is a strength of biological theories of criminality?
They provide scientific evidence and can help explain why some individuals are more prone to crime than others.
What is a weakness of biological theories?
They ignore social and environmental factors, such as upbringing and peer influence.
