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biology module 2 > 2.1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

2.1 Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

what is an elecron micrograph

A

photograph of an image seen using an electron microscope

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2
Q

define magnification

A

the number of times larger an object appears compared against the size of the object

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3
Q

what is a photomicrograph

A

photograph of an image seen using an optical microscope

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4
Q

define resolution

A

the clarity of an image, the higher the resolution, the clearer

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5
Q

what are light microscopes often called

A

optical microscopes

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6
Q

what magnification do light microscopes allow

A

up to x1500 or in some types x2000, however the resolution is limited so the image wont be as clear

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7
Q

what do light microscopes use to see

A

visibe light with a wavelength of 400 and 700nm

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8
Q

when will objects appear as one object through a light microscope?

A

when they are closer together than 200nm

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9
Q

what type of organelle is a ribosome

A

non-membrane bound

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10
Q

how do you calculate the total magnification

A

magnifying power of objective lens x magnifying power of the eye piece lens

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11
Q

what are laser scanning microscopes often called?

A

confocal microscopes

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12
Q

how do laser scanning microscopes see?

A

they use laser light to scan an object point by point and assemble by computer the pixel info into an image.

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13
Q

why are laser scanning microscopes good?

A

they have depth selectivity

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14
Q

how do electron microscopes see?

A

they use a beam of fast travelling electrons with a wavelength of about 0.004nm. this means they have a much better resolution that light microscopes.

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15
Q

in electron microscopes how are the electrons fired?

A

the electrons are fired from a cathode and focused by magnets onto a screen or photographic plate

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16
Q

how small is the wavelength of fast travelling electrons?

A

125,000 smaller than the central part of the visible light spectrum

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17
Q

what do electron micrographs look like?

A

2D black and white image

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18
Q

what does TEM stand for?

A

transmission electron microscope

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19
Q

what does SEM stand for?

A

scanning electron microscope

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20
Q

what kind of specimens are used in SEMs?

A

dead ones. its a vacuum. and the metallic salt stains used could be hazardous to the user.

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21
Q

what is an eye piece graticule?

A

a measuring device, placed in the eye piece

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22
Q

stage graticule?

A

a precise measuring device, used to calibrate the value of eyepiece graticle at different magnifications

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23
Q

what is in a generalised animal cell

A

ribosomes
mitochondria
nucleus
nucleolus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nuclesr envelope
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome
golgi apparatus
plasma membrane

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24
Q

what is in a generalised plant cell

A

mitochondria
chloroplasts
amyloplast
golgi apparatus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
nucleus
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
rough endoplasmic membrane
plasma membrane
cell wall
vacuole

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25
explain the main function of RER
For protein synthesis Also an intracellular transport system (Cisternae)
26
function of SER
contains enzymes that catalyse reactions involved with lipids: synthesis of... cholesterol phospholipids steroid hormones
27
what does the SER look like
-system of membranes with cisternae. -it is continuous with the nuclear envelope
28
whats the double membrane around the nucleus called?
the nuclear envelope
29
what is the nucleus envelope like?
-it has pores -it seperates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell
30
what does the nucleolus contain
RNA
31
what is chromatin?
It’s made of DNA wound around histone proteins
32
what is chromatin like?
-spread out and extended. -coiled and condensed when the cell is about to divide
33
why is the nuclear envelope porous?
to allow larger substances like mRNA to leave the nucleus. -things like steroid hormones to enter.
34
what happens at the nucleolus
ribsomes are made
35
what is the structure of the golgi apparatus?
a stack of membrane-bound flattened sacs
36
whats the function of the golgi apparatus?
-where proteins are modified and packaged into vesicle E.G modified by, adding sugar molecules to make glycoproteins, being folded into their 3D shape
37
structure of mitochondria?
spherical rod shapes or branched. -2-5 micro metres long. -have two membranes with a fluid between them. -the inner membrane is folded into cristae. -the inner part of a mitochondria is a fluid filled matrix.
38
what do mitochdria do?
Aerobic respiration and ATP production Self replicate
39
whats the structure of chloroplasts?
-large -4-10 micro metres long -double membrane -the inner membrane is continuous with stacked flattened sacs called thylakoids containing chlorophyll. -each thylakoid pile is called a granum. -the fluid filled matrix is called the stroma -chloroplasts contain loops of DNA and starch grains
40
function of chloroplasts?
-site of photosynthesis -the first stage occurs in the grana. -water is also split to supply hydrogen ions -the second stage where hydrogen reduces CO2 to make carbohydrates happens in the stroma. -abundant is the palisade layer
41
whats the structure of a vacuole?
surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast. -it contains fluid
42
function of vacuoles?
only plant cells have a large permanent vacuole. -mainatains cell stability -filled with water and solutes -turgid and flaccid
43
where are lysosomes formed?
at the Golgi apparatus
44
what do lysosomes contain?
powerful hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes
45
where are lysosomes abundant?
phagocytic cells such as neutrophils and macrophages
46
what are neutrophils and macrophages?
types of white blood cells
47
what can neutrophils and macrophages do?
ingest and digest invading pathogens such as bacteria
48
what do lysosomes do?
-keep the powerful hydrolytic enzymes seperate from the rest of the cell -engluf old organelles and foreign matter, digest them, return to the cell for reuse
49
what are cilia and flagella?
protrusions from the cell and surrouned by the plasma membrane
50
what does cilia and flagella contain?
microtubules
51
what are cilia and flagella formed from?
centrioles
52
where can cilia be found?
epithelial cells in airways -nearly all cells have a cilium that acts as an antenna which contains receptors
53
what is a flagella
a long cilia like on a sperm cell
54
what is flagella often called
undulipodia
55
which organelles have a double membrane?
nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts
56
which organelles don't have a membrane?
ribosomes and centrioles
57
how big are ribosomes?
small, spherical, about 20nm in diameter
58
what are ribosomes made from?
ribosomal RNA
59
where are ribosomes made?
in the nucleolus as 2 seperate subunits. they go though the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm and then combine somestay in the cytoplasm some attach to the RER
60
what are the ribosomes on the RER for?
mainly for synthesising proteins that will be exported to the outside of the cell
61
what do ribosomes free in the cytoplasm do?
theyre primarily the site of assembly of proteins that will be used inside the cell
62
what do centrioles consist of?
two bundles of microtubules at right angles to eachother
63
what do centrioles do?
-the centrioles form spindle which is made of threads of tubulin -chromosomes attach to the middle part of the spindle -motor proteins walk on tubulin threads and pull the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell ALSO USED IN CILIA AND FLAGELLA -centrioles line up and multiply before the cilia form, under the plasma membrane -microtubules sprout outwards from each centriole forming a cilium or flagella
64
how long are mitochondria?
2-5 micrometres spherical rod shape (hamster poo) or branches
65
how many membranes do mitochondria have?
two membranes with a fluid filled space between them
66
what is the inner membrane of mitochondria like?
highly folded into cristae
67
whats the inner part of a membrane like?
a fluid filled matrix
68
what are mitochondria the site of?
ATP production during aerobic respiration
69
why are mitochondria good if the cell needs more energy?
because mitochondria are self replicating so more can be made if the cells energy needs to increase
70
where are mitochondria abundant?
in cells where a lot of metabolic activity takes place -liver cells -at synapses where neurotransmitter is synthesised ad released
71
how big are chloroplasts?
large 4-10 micro metres long
72
where can chloroplasts be found?
only in plant cells and some protoctists
73
how many membranes does a chloroplast have?
2 a double membrane
74
what’s the inner membrane of a chloroplast like?
The membrane us continuous with stacks of thylakoids (flattened membrane sacs) That contain chlorophyll
75
in a chloroplast, what do you call a stack of thylakoids?
plural: grana singular: granum
76
what do thylakoids contain?
chlorophyll
77
what do chloroplasts contain?
loops of DNA and starch grains -inner and outer membrane -stroma -grana -thylakoids -intergranal lamellae
78
what are chloroplasts the site of?
photosynthesis
79
what is the tonoplast?
a membrane surrounding a vacuole.
80
what is the membrane that surrounds a vacuole?
tonoplast
81
what cells have a large permanent vacuole?
only plant cells
82
what is inside a vacuole?
a vacuole is filled with water and solutes
83
what does a vacuole do?
maintains cell stability
84
how does a vacuole maintain cell stability?
when the vacuole is full it presses against the cell wall making it turgid. in non-woody plants it helps to support the plant
85
what contains water and solutes and maintains cell stability?
vacuoles
86
what is 2-5 micrometres long and is spherical rod shaped?
mitochondria
87
what is 2-5 micrometres long?
mitochondria
88
what contains thylakoids?
chloroplasts
89
what contains chlorophyll?
thylakoids in chloroplasts
90
which organelle is 4-10 micrometres long?
chloroplasts
91
which organelle consists of membrane-bound flattened sacs?
golgi apparatus
92
which organelle has a single membrane and is a bag formed at the golgi apparatus?
lysosomes
93
which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes?
lysosomes
94
which organelle keeps the powerful hydrolytic enzymes away from the rest of the cell?
lysosomes
95
which organelle can engulf old organelles and foreign matter?
lysosomes
96
what can lysosomes engulf?
old organelles and foreign matter
97
what organelle is about 20nm in diameter?
ribosomes?
98
which organelle is made from ribosomal RNA?
ribosomes
99
what are ribosomes made of?
ribosomal RNA
100
how do prokaryotic cells divide?
binary fission
101
how are cilia and flagella arranged in a eukaryotic cell?
in a 9+2 arrangement
102
What’s the stroma lamellae in chloroplasts?
The membrane that joins grana
103
What is plasmodesma?
Holes in cell wall or something that can connect cells together
104
What is mitochondria’s own DNA called?
mtDNA
105
What is mtDNA?
Mitochondria’s own DNA
106
Which organelles have ribosomes?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts and bacteria
107
What is the nucleolus composed off?
DNA, RNA and protein
108
what does ethanol do to membranes?
ethanol causes membrane disintergration
109
what happens to a membrane when you add solvents?
become more permeable
110
in a membrane, what does ethanol form temporary bonds with?
the phospholipid heads
111
in a membrane, what effect do the temporary ethanol bonds have?
causes phosphilipids to move out of place
112
in a membrane, what is the effect of the phospholipids moving out of place?
it causes large gaps in the membrane
113
is cholesterol soluble in ethanol?
yes
114
why does the permeability increase if the membrane has been frozen to -15 degrees?
when water freezes it expands and causes damage to the membrane so when it defrosts the membrane is damaged
115
what is more permeable? saturated or unsaturated fatty acid membranes?
unsaturated because the kinks make larger gaps in the membrane
116
if the temperature increases, what happens to the permeability of a membrane?
permeability increases
117
(membrane) why does permeability increase if the temperature increases?
more kinetic energy more vibrations more fluidity gappy phospholipids rate of movement increases to
118
is membrane fluidity reversible?
yes to a certain degree
119
temperature- on a graph, when would you know the proteins in a membrane are denaturing?
when the permeability starts inclining a lot
120
on an absorbance and temperature membrane graph, when the line is at the top, why would it stop inclining?
because the concentration of pigment is the same on either side of the membrane
121
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biology module 2 (6 decks)

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