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biology > 2.3 DNA > Flashcards

2.3 DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of acid is DNA?

A

Nucleic acid

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2
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A molecule with:
-phosphate
-five-carbon sugar (Pentose)
-nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What is a poly nucleotide?

A

Large molecule containing many nucleotides

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4
Q

What elements do nucleotides contain?

A

C N O H P

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5
Q

What pentose is in DNA?

A

DEOXYribose

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6
Q

What pentose is in RNA?

A

Ribose

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7
Q

Which is more polar, RNA or DNA?

A

RNA
because it has OH
Which makes it less stable

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8
Q

What groups are the four bases divided into?

A

Purines and pyrmidines

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9
Q

Which bases are smaller?

A

Pyrimidines
They have a single carbon ring structure

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10
Q

What is the structure of a pyrimidine like?

A

Single carbon ring

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11
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines?

A

Thymine, cytosine and uracil

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12
Q

Which bases are the bigger ones?

A

Purines

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13
Q

What structure do purines have?

A

Double carbon ring structures

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14
Q

Which bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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15
Q

When nucleotides are formed, what kind of reaction happens when the sugar and base join?

A

Condensation reaction
Molecule of water is produced
The product is a nucleoside

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16
Q

What happens when phosphoric acid joins the nucleoside?

A

It forms a phosphoester bond between OH group on acid and OH on C-5 of the sugar. This creates a nucleotide and another water

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17
Q

How do nucleotides form polynucleotides?

A

The phosphate group of one nucleotide join with a sugar of another nucleotide by a condensation reaction.
This forms a phosphodiester bond

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18
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

2 phosphoester bonds
Phosphate to 2 sugars

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19
Q

How do you know which end is 3’ or 5’?

A

C5 will be closest to the top
C3 will be closest to the bottom

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20
Q

How do you break down polynucleotides?

A

Hydrolysis reactions

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21
Q

How do the two strands of DNA join together?

A

By hydrogen bonds between the bases

22
Q

What kind of pairing happens between bases?

A

Complementary pairing

23
Q

Which bases join together?

A
  • A + T (U in RNA)
  • G + C
24
Q

How do the strands run to one another?

A

Anti parallel

25
Q

What does it mean when DNA strands run anti parallel to one another?

A

It means they run in opposite directions

26
Q

How many H bonds between C and G?

A

3

27
Q

How many H bonds between A and T?

A

2

28
Q

Which protein allows DNA to be packed up tightly?

A

Histone

29
Q

How many base pairs in one full turn of DNA?

A

10 base pairs

30
Q

What kind of proteins are Histones?

A

Globular proteins

31
Q

What makes up ATP?

A

3 phosphate groups
Ribose
Adenine

32
Q

What can be said about the bonds between the phosphates?

A

Unstable bonds so are easily broken

33
Q

how do two strands of DNA run?

A

anti parallel to one another

34
Q

why must DNA be tightly coiled and packaged?

A

so that it can fit in the nucleus

35
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

36
Q

how is ATP suited to the transfer of energy?

A

-it is small and soluble
-releases energy in small quantities
-has an unstable phosphate bond
-easily regenerated

37
Q

what is DNA replication?

A

semi conservative

38
Q

what does the enzyme helicase do?

A

helicase sepeated the 2 DNA strands
(where the strands are seperated are called the replication fork)

39
Q

what do single stranded binding proteins do? SSB proteins

A

the 2 DNA strands are held seperate by them

40
Q

where do the nucleotides that form the new strand come from?

A

they are free floating in the nucleus

41
Q

which direction does DNA polymerase read DNA strands from?

A

3’ to 5’

42
Q

what does DNA polymerase do?

A

reads the sequence and adds the free floating nucleotides to form new strands

43
Q

what is the name of the strand which is formed continuously?

A

the leading strand

44
Q

what does DNA polymerase catalyse?

A

it catalyses the joining of nucleotides with phosphodiester bonds

45
Q

what is the name of the strand that is formed in a discontinuous way?

A

the lagging strand

46
Q

what are the sections that are formed by the addition of complementary bases called?

A

Okazaki fragments

47
Q

which enzyme is requred to fill the gaps between the okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

48
Q

what does DNA ligase do?

A

it is an enzyme required to seal the gaps between the okazaki fragments

49
Q

how many bases does it take to make one amino acid?

A

3 bases

50
Q

each gene codes for a specific …?

A

polypeptide

51
Q

is a triplet code overlapping?

A

no, non ever lapping

52
Q
A

biology (6 decks)

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