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Quantitative Sozial Forschung > 21-23 > Flashcards

21-23 Flashcards

1
Q

Erhebungsmethoden

A

Befragung
Beobachtung
Inhalts Analyse
Verhaltensspuren, Artefakte ( zb mouse clicks)

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2
Q

Typologisierung der erhebungsmethoden

A 
Grad der Reaktivitat :
Method of sampling influences the results
Examples of high reactivity methods:
Interview
Offene Beobachtung 
Examples of low reactivity methods:
Web questionnaire 
Beobachtung where the subject doesn’t know they are being watched 
Grad der Standardisierung:
How structured is the sampling
Highly standardised example:
Standardised online questionnaire 
structured analysis of documents 
Less standardised:
Halb offene Interviews 
Offene oder narrative Interviews
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3
Q

Befragungen allgemein

A

Königsweg der empirischen Sozialforschung

Quanti - hohe Standardisierung

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4
Q

Charakteristika der Standardisierung von Befragungen

A

Frage Formulierung und Antwortmöglichkeiten sind vorgegeben
Reihenfolge der Fragen is fest
Interviewer soll neutral agieren —> Prinzip der Austauschbarkeit, doesn’t matter who does the interview

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5
Q

Vor und Nachteile einer Standardisierten Befragung

A

Vor:
Hohe Fall Zahl ermöglicht statistische Analysen mit dem Ziel der Verallgemeinerung
Schnelle Auswertung und Veröffentlichungen der Ergebnisse
Highly objective and reliable

Nach:
Can’t eliminate communication processes
Need theoretical knowledge about area of interest
Need to categorise answers

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6
Q

Arten von standardisierten Befragungen

A
  1. Paper or computer assisted ?
  2. Personal, telephone, self administered, web ?
    Paper assisted personal interview = PAPI
    Computer assisted personal interview =CAPI
    Computer assisted telephone interview = CATI
    Computer assisted selfadministered interview = CASI
    Computer assisted web interview = CAWI
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7
Q

PAPI

A 
Direct contact between interviewer and interviewee 
Drop out rate very low
High reactivity 
Errors by taking down data more likely 
Costly
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8
Q

CAPI

A

similar for PAPI but you’re using a tablet to note down the data instead of paper
New types of question - could play them a video
Data quickly uploaded
Back up of data
More control of interviewees, eg time limit on questions

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9
Q

CATI

A

Less reactivity
Questions need to be appropriate over the phone, maybe shorter
Fairly affordable for representative Bevölkerungs Umfrage

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10
Q

CASI

A

Same as for CAPI but Person works their way through the questions themselves

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11
Q

CAWI

A 
Same for CASI but also:
Can be done asynchronous 
Any location 
Automated
Easily documented 
Objective 
Cheap 
Problem:
Stichproben Problem, can’t really control who takes part.
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12
Q

Übersicht Theorien von Befragungen

A 
Teilnahmebereitschaft:
Rational choice
Heuristik
Sozialer Austausch 
Handlungstheorie

Antwortverhalten:
Rational choice
Frame selection model
Cognition psychology

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13
Q

Teilnahme Bereitschaft: rational Choice

A

Participants chose option which is of most use to them. Generally pretty trivial so it often depends on peripheral factors. Z.b amount of time, invasion of privacy, feeling that they’ve done something good, want a change, maybe incentives such as money or vouchers

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14
Q

Teilnahme Bereitschaft: heuristik

A

People don’t invest much thought into decision, more pragmatic. General idea is that people don’t care too much for Umfragen.

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15
Q

Teilnahme Bereitschaft: sozialer Austausch

A

Based on rational choice but with social factors and norms considered. If a treat is given then they feel pressured to take part.

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16
Q

Teilnahme Bereitschaft: Handlungstheorie

A

Kausale folge von Absichten die durch Verhaltens bezogene Einstellungen und subjektiven Normen erklärt werden können.

17
Q

Antwort verhalten: Grund Annahme

A

A true strives for result exists
Coincidental mistakes
Systematic problem ( people think their data is at risk so change answers, aka a third variable affecting the Untersuchung)
Effect of people wanting to act in the right way

18
Q

Antwort verhalten: rational choice

A

Cost benefit analysis. Answers with the most use for the person being asked. Based on social norms, personal preferences.

19
Q

Antwort verhalten: frame selection model

A 
Different answer frames used for different questions. 
Automatic spontaneous (as mode)  - routine and emotion controls answer
Reflective calculation ( rc mode) - More on the basis of rational choice
20
Q

Antwort verhalten: kognitionspsychologie

A
  1. Understanding the question, what does the interviewer want from me?( semantic and pragmatic)
  2. What is relevant to answer this question?
  3. Judgement, what is my answer?
  4. How do I formulate my answer?
21
Q

Fehlerquellen: befragten Merkmale soziale erwünschtheit

A

Choose answers that seem socially desirable.
Theory: personal :need for social recognition, situational: Reaktion auf Datenerhebungsverfahren
Results: under or over reporting, item non response

Solutions:
Neutral questions, take away value laden words
Or suggestive question formulation, eg lots of people take drugs, do you?
Verdeckte Antwort
Statistical analysis to correct results
Measure how self confident a person is, how likely they are to lie

22
Q

Fehlerquellen: befragten Merkmale response set

A

Patterns of answers to questions that are created with no consideration of questions being asked. People always choose middle answer or always say yes.
Theorie: ‘ich stärke’ of someone’s personality, underprivileged people more conforming to say yes

Solutions:
Even number of answers so people can’t always pick the middle option
Control the answers
Formulate questions negative and positive to recognise people always saying yes

23
Q

Fehlerquellen: meinungslosigkeit

A

People don’t know or have no opinion.

Solutions:
Filter questions: do you have an opinion to X?
Give the option of saying don’t know
Even number of answers - forced choice

24
Q

Fehlerquellen: frageformulierung,frage Position

A 
Reaktion auf Fragen Formulierung 
Eg using verbieten rather than nicht erlauben.
Reaktion auf Reihenfolge der Fragen 
Solutions:
Variation der Reihenfolge
25
Q

Fehlerquellen: Antwortkategorien

A

Tendency to go for first of last categories because they stick in the mind.
Solutions:
Variation of the order

26
Q

Fehlerquellen: Interviewer Merkmale

A

Reaction to the characteristics of the person interviewing.
For example gender, status, attraction, empathy
Solutions:
Verpflichtung zur Neutralität
Statistical control

False results from interviewer
Solution: pay them more, call the people interviewed and check, do monitored telephone interviews

27
Q

Fehlerquellen: Anwesenheit einer dritten Personen

A

Third person influences results. For example discussing sharing of household chores.

Quantitative Sozial Forschung (4 decks)

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