2.1

Question 1

what are the 4 biological theories?

Answer 1

physiclogical theory
genetics
brain injuries
biochemical

Question 2

what is lombroso’s atavism theory?

Answer 2

they physical features of criminals have been subjected to investigations
criminals are physically different to other people

Question 3

what is the research for lomboso’s theory?

Answer 3

he examined skulls on dead criminals and then studied facial features of prisoners and created this ‘picture of a criminal’

Question 4

what are the 8 characteristics of a criminals according to Lomboso’s theory?

Answer 4

enormous jaw
wide eyes
prominent eyebrows
high cheekbones
handle shaped ears
long arms
flat nose- thief
pointed nose= murder

Question 5

what does atavistic mean?

Answer 5

those who have these facial features are said to not be as developed and they were not able to control impulses and have reduced sensitivity to pain

Question 6

what is sheldon’s theory of somatotypes?

Answer 6

that different body types can be linked to criminals

Question 7

what is the 3 body types according to Sheldon?

Answer 7

ectomorphes, endomorphes, mesomorphs

Question 8

what are the mesomorphs?

Answer 8

most likely to commit crimes and are more likely to take risks, assertiveness

Question 9

what was sheldon’s research?

Answer 9

examined photos of 4000 men that were the 3 body types of his theory, he then sampled photographs of college students and then delinquents, he then compared the body types and found that the criminals have a higher mesomorph body type

Question 10

what does reductionist mean?

Answer 10

reducing complex crime theory’s to its most basic parts

Question 11

what does determinism mean?

Answer 11

free will is an illusion and our behaviour is governed by internal and external factors

Question 12

what does generalisable mean?

Answer 12

can the theory be applied to the public or other situations

Question 13

what does validity mean?

Answer 13

accuracy

Question 14

what does reliability?

Answer 14

consistency

Question 15

what does usefulness mean?

Answer 15

practically applicate the findings

Question 16

what does real life applications mean?

Answer 16

implementation of a concept, theory in everyday life situations

Question 17

what does credible mean?

Answer 17

abled to believed/ convincing

Question 18

what does scientific mean?

Answer 18

based on the method and principles of science

Question 19

what is the Cambridge study of genetics?

Answer 19

into delinquent development found that out of 397 families half of all criminal convictions came from 23 families

Question 20

what are dizygotic twins?

Answer 20

not 100% identical
(non-identical twins)

Question 21

what are monozygotic twins?

Answer 21

100% genetically identical
(identical twins)

Question 22

what are the results of the Christiansen study

Answer 22

males= 23% monozygotic and 13% dizygotic
females=21% monozygotic and 8% dizygotic

Question 23

what is the research on adoption study’s for genetics?

Answer 23

used adoption studies to test whether crime is genetic or not and compares children with their biological parents

Question 24

what is the mednick et al study according to genetics?

Answer 24

studied 14,000 adopted sons in Denmark he found that sons had a criminal records it was more likely to be that the biological parents had criminal records (20%)
however, (14%) had criminal records if their adoptive parents had one too

Question 25

what is is the Jacob XYY theory?

Answer 25

that men with the extra Y chromosome are seen as more aggressive and violent and have a strong tendency to commit property crimes

Question 26

what is the case study of phineas gage in terms on brain injuries and disorders?

Answer 26

he was injured by a iron pole shot through his skull causing his personality to change

Question 27

who was charles whitman in terms of brain injuries and disorders?

Answer 27

he was a mass murder who killed his mother and wife and then shot 17 people at a university he had a brain tumour which altered his emotion regulation and the fight or flight response

Question 28

what is encephalitics lethargica?

Answer 28

disease among children which is linked to criminality

Question 29

how does substance abuse link to criminality?

Answer 29

80% of family violence crimes involve misuse of alcohol

Question 30

how does blood sugar levels link to criminality?

Answer 30

low blood sugar is linked to aggression

Question 31

how are sex hormones linked to criminality?

Answer 31

high levels of testosterone is linked to aggression in men making them more likely to commit murder and rape