20th Century Medicine Flashcards
Date of Spanish Flu pandemic
1918-1919
Nickname of flu pandemic during 1918
The Spanish Lady
Number of deaths during Spanish flu
20-40 million worldwide
Where did flu pandemic originate from?
China- strain of bird flu
How many deaths in Spain from flu?
7 million
Symptoms of Spanish flu
Headaches, sore throat, loss of appetite
AIDS meaning
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
When was AIDS first identified?
1981
Large number of homosexuals were dying noticed by USA doctors
How many people died from AIDS
By 2014 - 40 million
How many people living with AIDS?
40 million
Polio vaccination date
1955
Last known case of Smallpox…
Somalia in 1977
Measles vaccination date
1963
MMR stands for…
Measles, mumps and rubella
MMR vaccination date
1988
Hepatitis B vaccination date
1994
Infant mortality rate today
4-5 per thousand
Dr Wakefield
Link between MMR and autism as a small study showed vaccination led to development in autism
This made parents worried and therefore refused for their children to have the vaccine
What did Marie Curie and her husband discover?
Radium and Polonium
What did Marie Curie’s discovery help?
Helped create an open way of treating cancer
When did Marie Curie receive her nobel prize?
1903- with husband
1911- for discovering a means to measure radiation
What did Curie also play a leading role in developing?
Mobile x-ray units during WW1
Making diagnosis and treatment of injured soldiers quicker and easier.
What year did Curie and husband discover radioactive activity?
1898
Marie Curie husband’s name?
Pierre Curie
Who was the first female professor in a university?
Marie Curie
When and how did Curie die?
1934 - overexposure of radiation
What did Curie’s discoveries do?
Launched a new era
Lead trail for advancements in technology and medicine
3 main people who discovered antibiotics
Alexander Fleming
Howard Florey
Ernst Chain
Who had once user Penicillin but had not published his notes?
Lister
What did Fleming notice during WW1?
Antiseptics unable to prevent infection
What did Fleming want to find?
Something that would kill the microbes that caused infection
What did Fleming notice in 1928
Mould grew in one of his old Petri dishes and that there was no Staphylococci bacteria
What was the name of the bacteria that disappeared in Fleming’s dish
Staphylococci bacteria
Meaning of Antibiotic
Destructive of life
What happened in 1929
Fleming published his discovery but could not raise enough funds
What happened in 1937?
Florey and Chain began to research penicillin after reading Fleming’s article
What did Florey and Chain experiment on in 1940?
Mice
Florey and Chain first trial?
Policeman died because they ran out of drugs but it proved effective
What war did penicillin provide a huge incentive to developments of it ?
WW2
When was the antibiotic first used
Allied troops in North Africa 1943
What countries produced huge quantities of penicillin?
Britain and America
What were antibiotics used to treat after the war?
Bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, syphilis
What did Fleming, Florey and Chain receive?
Nobel prize for medicine 1945
Who carried out first heart transplant?
Dr Christian Barnard
When was the first heart transplant?
1967
Where did the first heart transplant take place?
Cape Town, South Africa
When was first kidney transplant?
1952
What problems hindered heart transplant surgery?
Availability of replacement organs
Rejection of transplants
What development aided the success of heart transplants?
Cyclosporine
Immunosuppressive drug
What treatments since WW2 helped to treat cancer?
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
What made people distrust modern medicine?
Thalidomide caused babies to form with deformities.
What did Prince Charles support?
Homeopathy and have speech to WHO supporting it
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic
When was DNA discovered?
1953
Who discovered DNA?
James Watson, Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin
What is the Human Genome Project?
Set up to build a complete genetic blueprint of human beings
Dolly the Sheep
Cloned to try and grow medicines for humans in sheep’s milk
Who created the x-ray and when?
Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895
Who was Ian Donald?
Created Ultrasound during WW1
What government was introduced from 1904 - 1914
Liberal Government
What act was introduced in 1906?
Workman’s Compensation Act
What act was introduced between 1906 and 1907?
Education Act
What did the Education Act in 1906 and 07 do?
Gave free school meals but not compulsory.
Medical inspections in schools but poor families couldn’t afford.
When was the Old Age Pensions Act?
1908
What did the old age pensions act ensure?
70 + were given money every week but ONLY if they have worked all their life and weren’t drunk.
What was the act placed in 1909?
Housing and town planning act
Illegal to build back-to-back houses
When was the National Insurance Act?
1911 - contributions to their salaries to provide sickness benefit, free medical treatment or unemployment benefit.
What is ‘The Dole’?
Unemployment/sickness benefit by Lloyd George
When was the Beveridge Report?
1942
What was the Beveridge Report?
Created by William Beveridge who Identified 5 ‘Evil Giants’ that needed to be tackled by government.
Who was elected PM in 1945
Clement Atlee
What role did Aneurin Bevan have within the Labour party?
Minister of Health and housing in 1945.
What was proposed and set up in 1946?
NHS
When and where was Aneurin Bevan born?
1897 in Tredegar
Where did Aneurin Bevan study?
college of London
What roles did Aneurin Bevan have in Tredegar?
-member of Tredegar council
-Tredegar Workingmen’s medical aid society.
-MP in Ebbw Vale
What act was set up in 1919?
Housing Act
When was the killer smog?
1952
What caused killer smog?
Air pollution trapped by anticyclone (12,000 dead)
When was the clear air act?
1993
