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History - Medicine > 18th & 19th Century > Flashcards

18th & 19th Century Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the average life expectancy for a rich person in East London?

A

45

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2
Q

What was the average life expectancy of a poor person in East London?

A

16

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3
Q

Name 3 contagious diseases during the 18th/19th century

A

Typhoid/tuberculosis/typhus

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4
Q

How many families often lived in the same room in Victorian cities?

A

Whole family per room

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5
Q

What was rickets?

A

Crippling bone disease from lack of calcium and fresh air

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6
Q

What could being a chimney sweep cause?

A

Scrotal cancer and lung disease

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7
Q

What could a match girl get from their job?

A

Phossy jaw

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8
Q

What is phossy jaw?

A

When parts of the jaw are eaten away or glow greenish-white in the dark

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9
Q

What were the hazards for textile factory workers?

A

Machines rarely had guards to protect them so they often caught their hands, limbs and hair in the machine.

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10
Q

What illnesses did coal miners get?

A

Lung disease

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11
Q

What was pneumonoconiosis?

A

Disease of lungs by inhaling coal dust

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12
Q

What were general working conditions like?

A

Few regulations and accidents were frequent with no compensation and barely any future work.

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13
Q

What was introduced in the middle of the 1700s?

A

Industrialisation

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14
Q

What type of disease was Cholera?

A

Bacterial disease

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15
Q

Was Cholera fatal?

A

Not always

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16
Q

What caused Cholera?

A

contaminated water and food

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17
Q

Where did Cholera originate from?

A

Bengal, India

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18
Q

What were the symptoms of Cholera?

A

Severe vomiting and diarrhoea

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19
Q

Where was Cholera found?

A

Everywhere

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20
Q

When were the epidemics of Cholera?

A

1831-32 (50,000 dead)
1848 (60,000 dead)
1854 (20,000 dead)
1866

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21
Q

What two Welsh places had major Cholera epidemics?

A

Merthyr and Cardiff

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22
Q

When was the Cholera epidemic in Merthyr?

A

1849 Summer

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23
Q

Where was considered one of the highest death tolls in England and Wales from Cholera?

A

Merthyr

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24
Q

How many died in Merthyr?

A

1682 by November

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25
Q

Who introduced measures for cleansing Merthyr but had little impact?

A

Board of Guardians

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26
Q

Who helped with the Cholera epidemic in Merthyr?

A

Jossiah John Guest

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27
Q

What did Jossiah John Guest do?

A

opened refuge for the healthy and a night despensary for Cholera cases where free medicine was given.

28
Q

What year was the Cardiff Cholera outbreak?

A

1849

29
Q

What caused the increases cases in Cholera?

A

Long hot summer, great breeding ground for Cholera. Drought conditions caused normal water supplies to fresh water to dry up and made people use less safe sources (contamination)

30
Q

How many died in Cardiff due to Cholera from 1948-49

A

396

31
Q

What is Typhoid?

A

A bacterial infection passed from human to human through contaminated food or water.

32
Q

What caused Typhoid?

A

Lack of cleaning/cleanliness

33
Q

Who famously died from Typhoid?

A

Prince Albert in 1861

34
Q

When were the Typhoid epidemics?

A

1800 (132 died)
1897-98 in Kent

35
Q

Who identified the cause of scurvy in 1753?

A

James Lind

36
Q

What did John Snow notice in 1854?

A

That the workers who drank beer not water had no cases of Cholera

37
Q

What did Edward Jenner do?

A

He produced a vaccine that protected people from one of the most deadly infectious diseases of the period (Smallpox)

38
Q

What percentage of people would die if they caught Smallpox?

A

Between 30% - 60%

39
Q

What year was Smallpox eradicated?

A

1980

40
Q

What was Smallpox?

A

A contagious and killer disease

41
Q

What did Smallpox cause?

A

High fever and sores of pus around body

42
Q

What is inoculation?

A

deliberately giving someone a mild form of a disease in the hope it will make them immune to catching a more serious form of disease

43
Q

Name someone who used inoculation?

A

Lady Mary Montagu

44
Q

Who was Edward Jenner?

A

A doctor from Gloucester

45
Q

What did Jenner observe about milkmaids?

A

They caught Cowpox from milking cows and then found that they couldn’t catch Smallpox

46
Q

What year did Jenner experiment on James Phipps?

A

1796

47
Q

What did Jenner do in 1796?

A

Experimented on a boy called James Phipps by injecting him with pus from milkmaids Cowpox. He later gave him a dose of Smallpox after he fully recovered.

48
Q

Why did Jenner call his discovery a ‘Vaccination’?

A

Vacca - Latin word for cow.

49
Q

Was Jenner’s experiment successful?

A

Yes - Phipps did not get Smallpox

50
Q

How did Doctors react to Jenner’s discovery?

A

As Jenner was a country doctor, they did not trust his discovery

51
Q

How did the Royal Family react to Jenner’s discovery?

A

Some were vaccinated

52
Q

What did Napoleon do at Jenner’s request?

A

He released a prisoner of War.

53
Q

What did parliament give Edward Jenner in 1802?

A

Gave Jenner £10,000

54
Q

How much more money did Parliament give Jenner in 1806?

A

£20,000

55
Q

What year was vaccination made free for infants?

A

1840

56
Q

In what year was vaccination made compulsory?

A

1853

57
Q

Who insisted that doctors should wash their hands before childbirth, operations and before examination?

A

Ignaz Semmelweiss

58
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A

Sterilised operations , room with carbolic acids, sterilised staff and made a machine to douse the room

59
Q

What was the effect of Joseph Lister’s practises?

A

Death rates fell from 46% to 15%

60
Q

Who invented the steam steriliser?

A

Charles Chamberland

61
Q

What protective clothing was inroduced?

A

Surgical gloves and gowns

62
Q

Before 1850, what was believed that caused ill health?

A

Bad air and imbalance of four humours

63
Q

What did Louis Pasteur dicover?

A

Germ theory and was the first person to link germs with disease.

64
Q

What was the importance of Pasteur’s discovery?

A

Linked germs to disease, developed vaccine for rabies and first person to develop effective vaccines in a lab, Inspired people like Robert Koch.

65
Q

What was Robert Koch able to do?

A

Link particular germs to particular diseases.

66
Q

What did Robert Koch receive?

A

Nobel peace prize

67
Q

What was the importance of Koch’s discovery?

A

Isolated many causes to different killer diseases e.g. Typhoid, plague

History - Medicine (4 decks)

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