20th Century Flashcards
How was penicillin discovered?
1928 Alexander Fleming left petri dishes containing bacteria in his lab - when return mould had grown and caused bacteria to die around it
This fungus identified as penicillin
Why did no one think penicillin was important in 1929?
Had not been tested on animals, then realised it lost its properties when mixed with blood
What did Florey and chain do?
1938- used Flemings research and tested it on mice
1941 They tested on a person, started working, but he died because they ran out
What happened when Florey went to America in 1941?
Government wanted penicillin for treatment in WW2
Encouraged British firms and over 2.3 million doses were given in a day
1945 - Fleming Florey and chain awarded Nobel prize
Who Discovered the structure of DNA?
Crick and Watson 1953
Also showed how passed on
Why were Crick and Watson able to make their discovery about humane genes?
Improved microscope
Other knowledge
Money from government
Explain the human genome project.
1986-2001
To Identify exact purpose of each gene
Scientists form 8 countries
Needed computers
Describe the process of gene therapy?
Take normal gene from a diner and put in the sufferers DNA
For example cystic fibrosis
What are the consequences of discovering DNA structure?
Customised drugs
Genetic engineering
Genetic screening
Gene therapy
Who discovered X-rays and how?
Whihelm Rontgen 1895
The Rays didn’t pass through paper wood and flesh
What affect did ww1 have in the use of X-rays?
Surgeons needed to locate shrapnel in the wounds
Governments ordered the making of more machines
Who discovered radiation therapy?
Marie Curie
Skin burned by radioactive material
Discovery of radium which is used to diagnose and treat cancer
What did Marie Curie persuade the government to do?
Pay for mobile x-Ray machine that can be transported around the battle fronts
How was infection fought in the 20th century?
Saline solution
Penicillin
Who discovered blood groups and what consequences did it have?
1901- Karl Landsteiner
Blood transfusion was possible
How were problems with storing blood for transfusion overcome?
Sodium citrate stopped clotting
Being able to separate and store blood cells
How did war help the development of plastic surgery?
WW1- 11,000 operations
WW2- more burns and skin grafts , Archibald Mcindoe carried out 4,000 operations
Who carried out the first heart transplant?
Christiaan Barnard - 1967 in South Africa
How have anaesthesia been further developed since the 1800s?
1930s- Helmuth Wesse injected into blood stream
Local anaesthetics
What has enabled keyhole and micro surgery?
Computers
Endoscope
Miniature cameras
Fibre optic cables
Who discovered penicillin?and when?
Alexander Fleming in 1928
How did the boer war kick start the government to give better public health?
1899-1903
38% rejected for health problems
2/3 turned down in industrial areas
What did the social reformers Booth and Rowntree do?
Booth - life and labour of the London poor, “25% of Londoners living in poverty is an exaggeration”, collected evidence to disprove, discovered it is actually 35%, suggested gig responsibility and old age pensions
Rowntree - 1901 published “Poverty: a study of town life” showing that more than a quarter of people in York lived in poverty, even though they worked. Increased his employees wages and recorded changes.
Published “progress and poverty” showing 50% reduction.
What party was formed in 1900 what did they do?
Labour Party
Pledged to improve loving and working conditions
