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History Medicine Through Time > 20th Century > Flashcards

20th Century Flashcards

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1
Q

How was penicillin discovered?

A

1928 Alexander Fleming left petri dishes containing bacteria in his lab - when return mould had grown and caused bacteria to die around it
This fungus identified as penicillin

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2
Q

Why did no one think penicillin was important in 1929?

A

Had not been tested on animals, then realised it lost its properties when mixed with blood

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3
Q

What did Florey and chain do?

A

1938- used Flemings research and tested it on mice

1941 They tested on a person, started working, but he died because they ran out

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4
Q

What happened when Florey went to America in 1941?

A

Government wanted penicillin for treatment in WW2
Encouraged British firms and over 2.3 million doses were given in a day
1945 - Fleming Florey and chain awarded Nobel prize

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5
Q

Who Discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Crick and Watson 1953

Also showed how passed on

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6
Q

Why were Crick and Watson able to make their discovery about humane genes?

A

Improved microscope
Other knowledge
Money from government

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7
Q

Explain the human genome project.

A

1986-2001
To Identify exact purpose of each gene
Scientists form 8 countries
Needed computers

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8
Q

Describe the process of gene therapy?

A

Take normal gene from a diner and put in the sufferers DNA

For example cystic fibrosis

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9
Q

What are the consequences of discovering DNA structure?

A

Customised drugs
Genetic engineering
Genetic screening
Gene therapy

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10
Q

Who discovered X-rays and how?

A

Whihelm Rontgen 1895

The Rays didn’t pass through paper wood and flesh

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11
Q

What affect did ww1 have in the use of X-rays?

A

Surgeons needed to locate shrapnel in the wounds

Governments ordered the making of more machines

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12
Q

Who discovered radiation therapy?

A

Marie Curie
Skin burned by radioactive material
Discovery of radium which is used to diagnose and treat cancer

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13
Q

What did Marie Curie persuade the government to do?

A

Pay for mobile x-Ray machine that can be transported around the battle fronts

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14
Q

How was infection fought in the 20th century?

A

Saline solution

Penicillin

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15
Q

Who discovered blood groups and what consequences did it have?

A

1901- Karl Landsteiner

Blood transfusion was possible

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16
Q

How were problems with storing blood for transfusion overcome?

A

Sodium citrate stopped clotting

Being able to separate and store blood cells

17
Q

How did war help the development of plastic surgery?

A

WW1- 11,000 operations

WW2- more burns and skin grafts , Archibald Mcindoe carried out 4,000 operations

18
Q

Who carried out the first heart transplant?

A

Christiaan Barnard - 1967 in South Africa

19
Q

How have anaesthesia been further developed since the 1800s?

A

1930s- Helmuth Wesse injected into blood stream

Local anaesthetics

20
Q

What has enabled keyhole and micro surgery?

A

Computers
Endoscope
Miniature cameras
Fibre optic cables

21
Q

Who discovered penicillin?and when?

A

Alexander Fleming in 1928

22
Q

How did the boer war kick start the government to give better public health?

A

1899-1903
38% rejected for health problems
2/3 turned down in industrial areas

23
Q

What did the social reformers Booth and Rowntree do?

A

Booth - life and labour of the London poor, “25% of Londoners living in poverty is an exaggeration”, collected evidence to disprove, discovered it is actually 35%, suggested gig responsibility and old age pensions

Rowntree - 1901 published “Poverty: a study of town life” showing that more than a quarter of people in York lived in poverty, even though they worked. Increased his employees wages and recorded changes.
Published “progress and poverty” showing 50% reduction.

24
Q

What party was formed in 1900 what did they do?

A

Labour Party

Pledged to improve loving and working conditions

25
Q

Who won the 1906 elections and what did they do?

A

New Liberal Government Elected

Liberal reforms 1906-1914
Free school meals 1906
Registered births and health visitors 1907
Pensions 1908
National insurance Act (help for sick) 1911
Free medical treatment for children 1912

26
Q

What was the 1911 national insurance act?

A

Invented by David Lloyd George
When worker fall ill they can claim 10 shillings a week sick pay and free medical care
Doesn’t cover families

27
Q

What affect did World War One have on public health?

A

Promised Homes fit for heroes for returning soldiers after war
Slum clearance

28
Q

What affect did World War Two have on public health?

A

Social equality
Evacuation to towns and countryside to better off families, shocked at conditions of children
Free health care during war to keep fit for war effort

29
Q

What did Beveridge do?

A

Civil servant, asked to write report on what should be done to improve lives (Beveridge report 1942)
Said:
- everyone should pay national insurance to cover sick pay, pensions, unemployment pay etc
- set up NHS free
- medical workers should become gov employees rather than treat privately

30
Q

What did Bevan do?

A

Minister for health
Doctors opposed against gov work only after suggested in Beveridge report
1948 began compromised so doctors could treat private patients in own time.

31
Q

How has the NHS developed?

A 
1946 - NHS introduced
1960s- new hospital building programme 
1970s- single health campaigns 
1990s- health of nation initiates 
2000- funding problems
32
Q

Who developed the first magic bullet?

A

Paul Erlich 1909
Salvarsan 606
Treats syphilis

33
Q

Who developed the second magic bullet?

A

Domagk 1932
Prontosil
Treats blood poisining

34
Q

What does the NHS do?

A

Provides the free services:

  • hospitals
  • specialists
  • dentists
  • ambulances
  • health centres
  • health visiting
  • maternity etc

History Medicine Through Time (12 decks)

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