2023.Iss3.TraceMienralsInRuminants

Question 1

Vitamins & trace minerals in ruminants: confinement feedlot

Describe the difference between the water vs lipid soluble vitamins.

Answer 1

Water soluble: synthesized by rumen microorganisms or endogenously (not usu supplemented in diet)

Lipid-soluble: synthesized by UV light interaction with skin or by microogranisms in rumen (not usu supplemented in diet)–Vit D & K

Question 2

Vitamins & trace minerals in ruminants: confinement feedlot

what mineral is required for ruminal microogranism production of the vitamin B12?

Answer 2

cobalt

Question 3

Vitamins & trace minerals in ruminants: confinement feedlot

What is the importance of vitamin B12?

Answer 3

b/c vitamin B12 dependent enzymes are involved in:
1. proprionate incorporation into intermediates involved in gluconeogenesis
2. Methyl group transfer & methionine homeostasis

Question 4

Vitamins & trace minerals in ruminants: confinement feedlot

What are dietary Cu antagonists?

Answer 4

Molybdenum & sulfur

Question 5

Vitamins & trace minerals in ruminants: confinement feedlot

what are the effects of iodine deficiency?

Answer 5

reduced growth rate
impaired reproduction
low birth weights
goiter
death
**impaired thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

Question 6

Trace Mineral Nutrition of Sheep

What is the recommended dietary ratio for Cu: Mo in sheep?

Answer 6

6-8:1

Question 7

Trace Mineral Nutrition of Sheep

does dietary administration of interfering minerals, reduce hepatic Cu content?

Answer 7

Such as Mo & S alone
**Does not reduce hepatic Cu content

Question 8

Evaluation of Trace Mineral Sources

How can trace mineral deficiencies present as?

Answer 8

impair growth, milk production, reproduction and/or health in ruminants

Question 9

Evaluation of Trace Mineral Sources

In dairy & feedlot cattle trace minerals are best supplemented, how?

Answer 9

in total mixed ration (TMR)

Question 10

Evaluation of Trace Mineral Sources

What are strategies to supplement trace minerals in cattle grazing pasture?

Answer 10

-free choice supplement
-slow-release rumen bolus or injectable form

Question 11

Evaluation of Trace Mineral Sources

Is injectable trace mineral beneficial in ruminants that have adequate trace mineral status?

Answer 11

No
**it is a rapidly available source for animals that are deficient

Question 12

Evaluation of Trace Mineral Sources

How do forms of trace minerals differ?

Answer 12

Forms: inorganic, organic, hydroxychloride
**differ greatly in bioavailability

Question 13

Trace mineral supplementation for beef cows: dry range environment

What is required to determine that a mineral program is achieving desired results?

Answer 13

serum & liver biopsy– mineral concentrations

Question 14

Vitamin & trace element nutrition of stocker cattle on small grain and annual pastures

what other minerals interfere with magnesium absorption?

Answer 14

high nitrogen & phosphorus

Question 15

Vitamin & trace element nutrition of stocker cattle on small grain and annual pastures

What is an issue with wheat forage?

Answer 15

The high K content interferes with Mg absorption in the GIT

Question 16

Vitamin & trace element nutrition of stocker cattle on small grain and annual pastures

What are the common trace mineral deficiencies seen in cattle?

Answer 16

Cu, Zn & Se

Question 17

Vitamin & trace element nutrition of stocker cattle on small grain and annual pastures

Where are most water soluble B vitamins produced?

Answer 17

synthesized by rumen microlfora

Question 18

Trace mineral feeding & assessment

Goitrogens in some Brassica sp forages interfere with absorption with what mineral?

Answer 18

iodine

Question 19

Vitamin & trace element nutrition of stocker cattle on small grain and annual pastures

Clinical signs are the classic of what mineral deficiency: achromotrichia or gray hair on black cattle, enzootic ataxia in sheep; decreased growth, dec repro, dec immune function

Answer 19

Copper (CU)

Question 20

Vitamin & trace element nutrition of stocker cattle on small grain and annual pastures

The following clinical signs are consistent with what mineral deficiency:
white muscle disease, heinze body anemia; weight loss, diarrhea, dec immune function

Answer 20

Selenium (Se)

Question 21

Trace mineral feeding & assessment

What is the best sample for testing for selenium?

Answer 21

whole blood analysis
**majority of Se is in the RBC form of glutathione peroxidase

Question 22

Trace mineral feeding & assessment

What is the gold standard for evaluation of trace element status in ruminants?

Answer 22

liver biopsies

Question 23

Trace minerals nutrition in goats

For goats, what should be the dietary Cu to molybdenum ratio be:

Answer 23

maintained between 5:1 and 10:1

Question 24

Trace minerals nutrition in goats

these clinical signs are consistent with what mineral toxicity?
anorexia, depression, incoordination, hoof abnormalities, death

Answer 24

Selenium toxicity

Question 25

Trace minerals nutrition in goats what are predisposing factors for Fe deficiency?

Answer 25

-heavily parasitized goats -kids raised in total confinement & fed a milk replacer deficient in Fe -goats deprived of access to pasture & earth floored stalls or paddocks

Question 26

Trace minerals nutrition in goats What is the recommended treat for Fe deficiency?

Answer 26

1. correct primary cause (dietary deficiency, parsitism) 2. Fe dextran (150 mg IM at 2-3 week intervals)

Question 27

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle what are the most important trace minerals that are essential to the health and productivity of the dairy cow?

Answer 27

cobalt, copper, iodine, irone, manganese, selenium & zinc

Question 28

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle What are potential sources of copper leading to toxicity?

Answer 28

-large doses of certain dewormers -excessive mineral supplementation -feeding processed litter from broilers that were fed a high-copper diet -foot bath solution

Question 29

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle Where is copper stored in the body?

Answer 29

primariy the liver

Question 30

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle Copper toxicosis results in what clinical signs?

Answer 30

-hemolytic crisis: hemolysis, jaundic, methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, generalized icterus, widespread necrosis, death

Question 31

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle What are the two minerals that interfere with copper absorption?

Answer 31

molybdenum sulfur **zinc rarely, Fe may contribute

Question 32

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle Define goitrogens

Answer 32

natural substances that interfere with iodine metabolism in teh body

Question 33

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle What clinical signs are observed in cattle suffering from manganese deficiency?

Answer 33

1. bone abnormalities: enlarged joints, shorted and weak bones & superior brachygnathism 2. ataxia, deafness & equilibrium problems caused by improper development of bones in the middle ear 3. degenerative changes in tissues deficient in manganese 4. slower to exhibit estrus, more services per conception, increased early embryonic death

Question 34

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle what mineral is an essential component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase?

Answer 34

selenium

Question 35

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle what are common clinical signs of selenium deficiency in cattle?

Answer 35

1. erratic or silent heat periods 2. poor fertilization 3. delayed conception 4. infertility 5. abortions 6. birth of premature, weak or dead calves 7. white muscle disease in calves 8. increased rate of retained placents 9. uterine infections 10. cystic ovaries

Question 36

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle what are c/s of selenium toxicosis?

Answer 36

alkali disease or blind staggers: hair loss sloughing of hoofs lameness anemia excessive salivation grinding of teeth blindness paralysis death

Question 37

Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement dairy cattle Which minerals interfere with zinc absorption?

Answer 37

iron copper sulfur

Question 38

Common Toxicosis when should intoxications be suspected?

Answer 38

-multiple animals are affected -unusual clinical signs -unexplained deaths