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Vet clinics of N. America-Food Animals > 2021.Iss1,smallruminants > Flashcards

2021.Iss1,smallruminants Flashcards

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1
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are risk factors for obstructive urotlithiasis?

A

-males» females
-Castrated males more common, in males are castrated at an early age
-Diets high in Ca, Mg, or P (struvite/ca phosphate formation); pelleted diets & diets deficient in Vit A

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2
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are the most common sites for a urolith to obstruct?

A

urethral process
distal sigmoid flexure

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3
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

what are the clinical manifestation or syndromes that exist following blockage of the urethra with a stone?

A
  1. partial or complete urethral obstruction
  2. urethral rupture
  3. bladder rupture
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4
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

prolonged partial or complete urethral obstruction can lead to what

A

hydroureter, hydronephrosis, bladder wall damage, urethral strictures

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5
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What diets predispose to struvite or calcium phosphate stone formation?

A

-diets high in Ca, Mg, P,
-altered Ca: P ratio
-pelleted concentrate diets
-diets deficient in Vit
A

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6
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What diets predispose to ca carbonate & calcium oxalate urotliths

A

forages & concentrates containing legumes, oxalates, sweet potatoes, dock, apple & pigweed

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7
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

Most urinary calculi form in an alkaline urine pH, what are factors that predispose to an alkaline urine pH?

A

-herbivore diet
-diets that are high in protein
-urinary tract infections

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8
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What is the single most important factors in prevention of urolithiasis?

A

water intake

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9
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What C/S are associated with a ruptured urethra

A

ventral & preputial edema
signs of uremia
(chronic cases)-hyperemic skin & edematous tissues begin to slough

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10
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

what clinical signs are associated with a ruptured blader

A

gradual abdominal distention
signs of uremia
acute reduction in pain

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11
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are complications associated with urethral catheterization & retropulsion?

A

urethritis
uretral rupture
urethral stricture formation

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12
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What is the cause of ulcerative posthitis?

A

gram pos: Corynebacteirum renale

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13
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What predisposes to Corynebacterium renale overgrowth?

A

-high protein diet exacerbates (>16%)
**normal inhabitant of the prepuce

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14
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

Describe the pathogenesis of Corynebacterium renale leading to ulcerative posthitis:

A

1high protein diet (>16%)
2. excrete increased urea concen in urine
3. urea alkalinizes urine– allows urease producing bacteria in urinary tract ot break down urea releasing ammonia
4. ammonia causes irritation & ulceration of the prepuce leading to overgrowth of C. renale
5. infection: fibrosis, scarring 7 stricture of preputial opening– interefere with urination

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15
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

Ulcerative posthitis is typically seen in males, how can it be passed to females?

A

Passed at. breeding– resulting in vulvitis

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16
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

describe treatment of ulcerative posthitis

A

-clipping & cleaning area
-reestablish patency of prepuce
-topical antibiotic therapy (Neosporin)
-systemic antimicrobial therapy– penicillin/cephalosporin
-feeding an acidifying agent to diet (ammonium chloride)

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17
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are preventative measures for ulcerative posthitis?

A

-dietary protein concen <16%
-maximize hay intake
-addition of urinary acidifier

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18
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are causes of ulcerative vulvitus?

A

-mycoplasma spp, histophilus spp, trueperella pyogens
-enzootic vulvitis– C. renale (high protein diets)
-granular vulvitis– Ureaplasma spp

R/O: neoplasia, trauma, parasites & contagious ecythma

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19
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

When are urinary tract infections most commonly seen in ruminants?

A

post-partum exposure to contaminants during parturition

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20
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are the most common etiologic agents of urinary tract infections

A

C. renale
E coli
staph
strep

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21
Q

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

what is seen on urinalysis with urinary tract infectoin?

A

hematuria or pyuria
RBCs
Nets
bacteria

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22
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

Which viruses are lentiviruses that infect small ruminents?

A

ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV)
maedi/visna virus (MVV)
caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV)

23
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

What are the 4 specific organ sites that SRLVs affect:

A

lungs: primarily OPPV
mammary glands: OPPV & CAEV
joints: Largely CAEV
CNS: OPPV & CAEV

24
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

pathogenesis of lentiviruses

A

-viral replication occurs in monocytes as they leave blood & bone marrow
-mature in macrophage
-localize in target tissues

25
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

CAEV adult goats most commonly present with

A

chronic arthritis– unresponsive to treatment
**carpi primarily

26
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

what age does the neuro form of CAEV present in goats?

A

1-6 months of age
**some cases occuring in older goats

27
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

The neuro form of maedi visna is seen in what age range of sheep?

A

adult sheep

28
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

describe the C/S of CAEV in kids?

A

-starts as rear limb paresis– develops into paralysis of all 4 limbs

29
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

Describe hte two forms of maedi visna in sheep?

A
  1. brain form: slight head tilt, circling toward affected side, +/- hind limb ataxia, hypermetric
    –progression over a couple of months
  2. spinal cord: knuckling of one rear limb fetlock, while the limb stays weight bearing
30
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

CAEV & OPPV fomite transmission typically occurs through use of what:

A

contaminated milking equipment & poor milking practices

31
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

most control programs are based off of using what kind of testing?

A

sensitive serum-based ELISA test or PCR testing programs

32
Q

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

Once a herd is diagnosed with a lentivirus, what does this mean?

A

lifelong infection
**either subclinical or clinical infection

33
Q

Reindeer Veterinary Care for Small Ruminant Practitioners

Reindeer cannot be housed near goats & sheep due to what?

A

risk of contracting potentially fatal disease, such as malignant catarrhal fever

34
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

This is a blood smear from an anemic sheep. What is it infected with?

A

Mycoplasma ovis in a blood smear (red arrows)– epicelular bact on surface of RBCs
Blue: polychromatophilic RBCS with basophilic stippling
Black arrows: nRBCs

35
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

list causes of hemorrhagic anemia in small ruminants

A
36
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

What are clinical signs of coagulopathies

A

epistaxis
melena
hematoma formation
potentially fatal hemorrhage after trauma or surgery

37
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

What red cell parasites are seen in small ruminants?

A

Anaplasma ovis: intracellular rickettsial pathogen

Mycoplasma ovis: often nonpathogenic

Theileria spp: piroplasma stages causes variable hemolytic anemia

38
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

What is the vector for Anaplasma ovis?

A

Ixodid tick vector

39
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

What bacterial pathogens that cause hemolytic anemia are seen in small ruminants?

A

Leptospira interrogans (serovars Hardjo & pomona)–sheep fatal IV hemolysis w/ resultant icterus, hemoglobinuria, pigment nephropathy

Clostridium novyi type D (clostridium hemolyticum)

C. perfringens type A (yellow lamb disease– severe hemolytic disease)

40
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

List causes of hemolytic anemia due to oxidant injury (formation of heinz bodies)

A

-Copper & selenium def in lambs
-Copper tox in sheep
-Low molybdenum grazing in sheep (chronic copper tox)
-brassicas (cabbage kale)- sulfur compounds

41
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

What are causes of microcytic anemia in small ruminants?

A

-Fe deficiency anemia
-Copper deficiency (excess dietary molybdenum, iron or sulfur)
-Cobalt (vit B12) deficiency
-lead poisoning (+ basophilic stippling of RBCs & neuro signs)
-

42
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

Anaplasma phagocytophilum rarely causes clinical disease in sheep/goats, but how does it contribute to disease?

A

Can cause immune compromise– leading to other concurrent infections

43
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

Which GI parasites can cause anemia in small ruminants?

A

Haemonchus contortus
Coccidia spp

44
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

How to differentiate intravascular vs extravascular hemolysis?

A

intravascular: pink to red urine and or plasma
–discolored plasma can be seen in spunt HCT

45
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

Is iron dextran labelled for ruminants?

A

No
**Giving ablood transfusion will also provide iron with the breakdown RBCS

46
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

List vague differentials for the regenerative vs non-regenerative anemia in small ruminants

A

Regenerative: hemorrhage, hemolysis, ectoparasitism, GI parasitism, infectious agents & trauma

Non-regenerative: nutritional & toxic causes, Fe def in v young animals & renal failure

47
Q

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants

What are differentials for hemoglobinuria in small ruminants?

A

-Iv hemolysis d/t Copper toxicity, leptospirosis & water toxicity

48
Q

Udder Health for Dairy Goats

What is the most important cause of clinical mastitis? in goats

A

Staphylococcus aureus

49
Q

Udder Health for Dairy Goats

What is the most common isolate of subclinical mastitis in goats?

A

non-aureus staphylococci (NAS)

50
Q

Udder Health for Dairy Goats

What are factors that are associated with streptococcal mastitis?

A

poor udder hygiene practices
dirty, wet environ & milking equipment

51
Q

Udder Health for Dairy Goats

Goats vs dairy cows, how is milk produced

A

cattle: merocrine secretion

sheep & goats: apocrine secretion

52
Q

Udder Health for Dairy Goats

What are bacterial agents that cause necrotizing gangrene in clinical mastitis?

A

Staph aureus– most commonly
Mannheimia haemolytica
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
secondarily infected with clostridial bacteria

53
Q

Udder Health for Dairy Goats

What are considerations for goats, when no milk can be expressed from the gland or udder:

A

-milk producing tissue of the glands may be destroyed by an infection
-teats may have a blockage– either congenital or acquired from trauma– or scarring secondary to mastitis
-the doe may not be producing milk either b/c she is ill, nutritionally starved, or at the end of her lactation
-apparent agalactia may occur if the milk let-down mech is no tworking (ie stress or improper udder prep) or the kids have nursed out all of milk

54
Q

Udder Health for Dairy Goats

Infection with what virus can cause increased risk of S. aureus mastitis?

A

Orf (sore mouth) infections

Vet clinics of N. America-Food Animals (11 decks)

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