2021.Iss1,smallruminants Flashcards by Cassie Baumgarten

Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are risk factors for obstructive urotlithiasis?

-males» females
-Castrated males more common, in males are castrated at an early age
-Diets high in Ca, Mg, or P (struvite/ca phosphate formation); pelleted diets & diets deficient in Vit A

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are the most common sites for a urolith to obstruct?

urethral process
distal sigmoid flexure

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

what are the clinical manifestation or syndromes that exist following blockage of the urethra with a stone?

partial or complete urethral obstruction
urethral rupture
bladder rupture

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

prolonged partial or complete urethral obstruction can lead to what

hydroureter, hydronephrosis, bladder wall damage, urethral strictures

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What diets predispose to struvite or calcium phosphate stone formation?

-diets high in Ca, Mg, P,
-altered Ca: P ratio
-pelleted concentrate diets
-diets deficient in Vit
A

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What diets predispose to ca carbonate & calcium oxalate urotliths

forages & concentrates containing legumes, oxalates, sweet potatoes, dock, apple & pigweed

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

Most urinary calculi form in an alkaline urine pH, what are factors that predispose to an alkaline urine pH?

-herbivore diet
-diets that are high in protein
-urinary tract infections

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What is the single most important factors in prevention of urolithiasis?

water intake

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What C/S are associated with a ruptured urethra

ventral & preputial edema
signs of uremia
(chronic cases)-hyperemic skin & edematous tissues begin to slough

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

what clinical signs are associated with a ruptured blader

gradual abdominal distention
signs of uremia
acute reduction in pain

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are complications associated with urethral catheterization & retropulsion?

urethritis
uretral rupture
urethral stricture formation

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What is the cause of ulcerative posthitis?

gram pos: Corynebacteirum renale

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What predisposes to Corynebacterium renale overgrowth?

-high protein diet exacerbates (>16%)
**normal inhabitant of the prepuce

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

Describe the pathogenesis of Corynebacterium renale leading to ulcerative posthitis:

1high protein diet (>16%)
2. excrete increased urea concen in urine
3. urea alkalinizes urine– allows urease producing bacteria in urinary tract ot break down urea releasing ammonia
4. ammonia causes irritation & ulceration of the prepuce leading to overgrowth of C. renale
5. infection: fibrosis, scarring 7 stricture of preputial opening– interefere with urination

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

Ulcerative posthitis is typically seen in males, how can it be passed to females?

Passed at. breeding– resulting in vulvitis

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

describe treatment of ulcerative posthitis

-clipping & cleaning area
-reestablish patency of prepuce
-topical antibiotic therapy (Neosporin)
-systemic antimicrobial therapy– penicillin/cephalosporin
-feeding an acidifying agent to diet (ammonium chloride)

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are preventative measures for ulcerative posthitis?

-dietary protein concen <16%
-maximize hay intake
-addition of urinary acidifier

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are causes of ulcerative vulvitus?

-mycoplasma spp, histophilus spp, trueperella pyogens
-enzootic vulvitis– C. renale (high protein diets)
-granular vulvitis– Ureaplasma spp

R/O: neoplasia, trauma, parasites & contagious ecythma

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

When are urinary tract infections most commonly seen in ruminants?

post-partum exposure to contaminants during parturition

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

What are the most common etiologic agents of urinary tract infections

C. renale
E coli
staph
strep

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Management of Urologic Conditions in Sm ruminants

what is seen on urinalysis with urinary tract infectoin?

hematuria or pyuria
RBCs
Nets
bacteria

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Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

Which viruses are lentiviruses that infect small ruminents?

ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV)
maedi/visna virus (MVV)
caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV)

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

What are the 4 specific organ sites that SRLVs affect:

lungs: primarily OPPV
mammary glands: OPPV & CAEV
joints: Largely CAEV
CNS: OPPV & CAEV

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses

pathogenesis of lentiviruses

-viral replication occurs in monocytes as they leave blood & bone marrow
-mature in macrophage
-localize in target tissues

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses CAEV adult goats most commonly present with

chronic arthritis-- unresponsive to treatment **carpi primarily

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses what age does the neuro form of CAEV present in goats?

1-6 months of age **some cases occuring in older goats

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses The neuro form of maedi visna is seen in what age range of sheep?

adult sheep

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses describe the C/S of CAEV in kids?

-starts as rear limb paresis-- develops into paralysis of all 4 limbs

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses Describe hte two forms of maedi visna in sheep?

1. brain form: slight head tilt, circling toward affected side, +/- hind limb ataxia, hypermetric --progression over a couple of months 2. spinal cord: knuckling of one rear limb fetlock, while the limb stays weight bearing

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses CAEV & OPPV fomite transmission typically occurs through use of what:

contaminated milking equipment & poor milking practices

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses most control programs are based off of using what kind of testing?

sensitive serum-based ELISA test or PCR testing programs

Update on Small ruminant Lentiviruses Once a herd is diagnosed with a lentivirus, what does this mean?

lifelong infection **either subclinical or clinical infection

Reindeer Veterinary Care for Small Ruminant Practitioners Reindeer cannot be housed near goats & sheep due to what?

risk of contracting potentially fatal disease, such as malignant catarrhal fever

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants This is a blood smear from an anemic sheep. What is it infected with?

Mycoplasma ovis in a blood smear (red arrows)-- epicelular bact on surface of RBCs Blue: polychromatophilic RBCS with basophilic stippling Black arrows: nRBCs

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants list causes of hemorrhagic anemia in small ruminants

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants What are clinical signs of coagulopathies

epistaxis melena hematoma formation potentially fatal hemorrhage after trauma or surgery

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants What red cell parasites are seen in small ruminants?

Anaplasma ovis: intracellular rickettsial pathogen Mycoplasma ovis: often nonpathogenic Theileria spp: piroplasma stages causes variable hemolytic anemia

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants What is the vector for Anaplasma ovis?

Ixodid tick vector

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants What bacterial pathogens that cause hemolytic anemia are seen in small ruminants?

Leptospira interrogans (serovars Hardjo & pomona)--sheep fatal IV hemolysis w/ resultant icterus, hemoglobinuria, pigment nephropathy Clostridium novyi type D (clostridium hemolyticum) C. perfringens type A (yellow lamb disease-- severe hemolytic disease)

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants List causes of hemolytic anemia due to oxidant injury (formation of heinz bodies)

-Copper & selenium def in lambs -Copper tox in sheep -Low molybdenum grazing in sheep (chronic copper tox) -brassicas (cabbage kale)- sulfur compounds

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants What are causes of microcytic anemia in small ruminants?

-Fe deficiency anemia -Copper deficiency (excess dietary molybdenum, iron or sulfur) -Cobalt (vit B12) deficiency -lead poisoning (+ basophilic stippling of RBCs & neuro signs) -

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants Anaplasma phagocytophilum rarely causes clinical disease in sheep/goats, but how does it contribute to disease?

Can cause immune compromise-- leading to other concurrent infections

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants Which GI parasites can cause anemia in small ruminants?

Haemonchus contortus Coccidia spp

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants How to differentiate intravascular vs extravascular hemolysis?

intravascular: pink to red urine and or plasma --discolored plasma can be seen in spunt HCT

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants Is iron dextran labelled for ruminants?

No **Giving ablood transfusion will also provide iron with the breakdown RBCS

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants List vague differentials for the regenerative vs non-regenerative anemia in small ruminants

Regenerative: hemorrhage, hemolysis, ectoparasitism, GI parasitism, infectious agents & trauma Non-regenerative: nutritional & toxic causes, Fe def in v young animals & renal failure

Hematologic conditions of small ruminants What are differentials for hemoglobinuria in small ruminants?

-Iv hemolysis d/t Copper toxicity, leptospirosis & water toxicity

Udder Health for Dairy Goats What is the most important cause of clinical mastitis? in goats

Staphylococcus aureus

Udder Health for Dairy Goats What is the most common isolate of subclinical mastitis in goats?

non-aureus staphylococci (NAS)

Udder Health for Dairy Goats What are factors that are associated with streptococcal mastitis?

poor udder hygiene practices dirty, wet environ & milking equipment

Udder Health for Dairy Goats Goats vs dairy cows, how is milk produced

cattle: merocrine secretion sheep & goats: apocrine secretion

Udder Health for Dairy Goats What are bacterial agents that cause necrotizing gangrene in clinical mastitis?

Staph aureus-- most commonly Mannheimia haemolytica Pseudomonas aeruginosa secondarily infected with clostridial bacteria

Udder Health for Dairy Goats What are considerations for goats, when no milk can be expressed from the gland or udder:

-milk producing tissue of the glands may be destroyed by an infection -teats may have a blockage-- either congenital or acquired from trauma-- or scarring secondary to mastitis -the doe may not be producing milk either b/c she is ill, nutritionally starved, or at the end of her lactation -apparent agalactia may occur if the milk let-down mech is no tworking (ie stress or improper udder prep) or the kids have nursed out all of milk

Udder Health for Dairy Goats Infection with what virus can cause increased risk of S. aureus mastitis?

Orf (sore mouth) infections