2020.Iss3,Toxicology Flashcards
1
Q
Diagnostic challenges & guidelines pertaining to suspect ruminant intoxications
List the basic steps in diagnosing suspected intoxications and/or cases of ruminant production inefficiency, morbidity, and/or mortality of initially unknown etiologies should include:
A
-collection of historical information
-thorough physical examination
-development of a problem list with DAMNIT analysis
-explanation of what about a particular case suggests it represents an intoxication
2
Q
Diagnostic challenges & guidelines pertaining to suspect ruminant intoxications
What are the clinical and necropsy specimens for ruminant toxicology diagnosis?
A
3
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
Why are ionophores commonly used as a feed additive in animals?
A
growth promotion
coccidia control
4
Q
Diagnostic challenges & guidelines pertaining to suspect ruminant intoxications
What are common differential diagnoses for blindness in cattle?
A
-polioencephalomalacia–> PB intox, sodium/water dperivationsyndrome, thaminase containing plants, excessive dietary sulfur
-hypovitaminosis A
-Listeriosis
5
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle
why are ionophores commonly used as a feed additive in animals?
A
for growth promotion or coccidia control
6
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle
what is the safety margin for ionophores?
A
narrow– for most spp
7
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle
What is the MOA of ionophores?
A
-move monovalent cations, such as calcium & sodium across the cell wall in exchange for K & H ions
8
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle
What is the MOA of ionophores to result in growth promotion?
A
-shift in rumen microlfora– allowing gram neg organisms to predominate
9
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle
What is the MOA of increase in rate of gain & feed efficiency with ionophores?
A
changes in VFAs in rumen
–propionic acid production increased over butyric & acetic acids in rumen
10
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle
Besides use an an anti-coccidiostat and increased feed efficiency, ionophores prevent which toxicosis?
A
3-methylindole toxicosis– associated with atypical interstitial pneumonia
11
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle
another benefit of ionophores in feed, is beneficial in the prevention of what BRD pathogen?
A
Mycoplasma spp
** laidlomycin, monensin, lasalocid
12
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle
in general, cattle are not as susceptible to the adverse effects of ionphores as other species, for what reasons:
A
-ruminal breakdown
-decreased absorption
-increased first pass effect by the liver
-differences in cell wall structure
13
Q
A
14
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
Besides as a growth promotant and anti-coccdiostat, it prevents toxicosis with what?
A
3-methylindole toxicosis– atypical interstitial pneumonia
15
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
Why is rate of gain and feed efficiency seen with ionphores?
A
changes in VFAs in rumen– proprionic acid production is increased
16
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
How is ammonia production altered by ionophores?
A
decrease the amount of bacterial ammonia fixation–> increases nitrogen retention & absorption
17
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
Ionophores change ruminal microbial flora, for what benefits
A
-decrease ruminal acidosis
-decrease bloat
-enhance feed efficiency
-alter microbial metabolism of exogenous compounds
18
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
What are clinical signs of ionophore toxicosis in cattle?
A
anorexia (first sign)
sudden death
C/S of CHF: weakness, incoordination, ataxia, hyperpnea, tachycardia, hyperventilation, dyspnea, dilated jugular vein, subcu edema, nasal d/c, recumbency
19
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
what are clinical chemistry abnormalities consistent with ionophore toxicosis?
A
muscle damage: INC CK, INC AST
other: INC urea nitrogen, urien protein, urine pH, USG
20
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
when is it useful to measure serum cardiac troponins in ionphore tox?
A
Within 7 days of initial myocardial damage
21
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
What is required for definitive diagnosis of ionophore toxicosis in cattle?
A
microscopic exam of cardiac tissue & skeletal mm
22
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
Is treatment of ionophore toxicosis recommended in cattle?
A
usually not rewarding b/c damaged skeletal and cardiac mm is replaced by fibrous tissue
23
Q
Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle
Is it beneficial to collect feed in ionophore toxicosis?
A
no b/c the feed collected is likely not representative of what the animal consumed
**typically a one time mis-mix of feed
24
Q
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
how can selenium cause myoskeletal or myocardial lesions?
A
either by deficiency in diet or by acute or chronic ingestion of selenium containing plants
25
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
What is the mechanism of action of digoxin at therapeutic doses (a cardiac glycoside)?
inhibit sodium potassium pumps in the cell membrane
-- resulting in increased sequestration & increased calcium release upon stimulation= INC contraction
26
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
What occurs at toxic levels of cardiac glycosides?
imbalance of intra- & extra-cellular sodium & potassium alters membrane potentials with decreased cardiac conduction
--> AV block & ventricular fibrillation
27
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
Toxicity with white snakeroot & Isocoma spp (rayless goldenrod) leads to what clinical signs
**takes days to weeks of ingestion
-reluctance to move
-fine mm tremors of nose, flanks & legs-- esp after exercise or activity
-tachypnea
-tachycardia
-stiff gait
-altered posture (stand with arched back position)
-nursing young develop dz through milk ingestion
28
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
Identify these plants
A: White snakeroot
B: Rayless Goldenrod (isocoma spp)
29
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
Toxicity with this plant occurs in North Western US
Thermopsis rhombifolia
--prarie goldbanner, golden bean or buffalo bean
30
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
Cassia, senna & chamacrista spp toxicity develops what clinical signs?
diarrhea
colic
tenesmus
weakness
recumbency
myoglobinuria
wasting
-- death
30
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
What are clinical signs of T. rhombifolia and what disease are they similar to?
C/S: mm weakness, +/- recumbency, dehydration, INC mm enzymes
**Similar to lupine toxicosis-- with contracture congenital defects (crooked calf disease)
31
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
Cassia, senna & chamacrista spp SEVERE toxicity, leads to death due to what lesions?
-skeletal mm & mycoardial lesions--> hyperkalemia
--> contributes to altered cardiac contractions, fibrillation & death
32
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
What are clinical signs of selenium toxicity in cattle (acute vs chronic ingestion)?
Acute: depression, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, death
chronic: heart failure, crippled animals
33
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
What are the C/S of selenium toxicity in horses?
hoof lesoins-- horixontal on hoof wall with progress to laminar necrosis & sloughing of the entire hoof
-mane & tail: alopecia, brittle hair that breaks easily
34
Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock
how do you diagnose selenium toxicosis?
whole blood & liver biopsy
--rumen contents can be analyzed for Se content
35
Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock
When does primary photosensitization occur?
When livestock ingest plants that contain photodynamic compounds or chromophores
36
Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock
When does secondary or hepatogenous photosensitization occur?
When photodynamic chlorophyll metabolites (phylloerythrin) accumulate in tissues d/t liver disease
37
Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock
What is this plant and what does it cause?
causes secondary photosensitization
38
Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock
what is this plant and the mechanism of action?
Cymopterus watsonii (spring parsley)
Furanocoumarin containing palnts
39
Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock
What are the C/S of Cymopterus watsonii (spring parsley) & Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip)?
-most lesions are d/t contact dermatitis
-primary photosensitization
40
Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock
What is the treatment for most plants with photosensitization?
Lesions resolve when exposure to plant & irradiation is discontinued
41
Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock
what is phyloerythrin?
a chlorophyll metabolite that is primarily formed by enteric microorganisms
42
Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock
What organ metabolizes phylloerythrin?
liver
**conjugates & excretes it in bile
43
Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock
Clinical photosensitivity requires what 3 variables?
1. liver damage & biliary excretion impaired-- phylloerythrin accumulates
2. adequate green forage must be ingested, resulting in intestinal chlorophyll metabolism producing abdundant phylloerythrin
3. animal exposed to sunlight to photoactivate dermal phylloerythrin & damage dermal tissues
44
Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock
Hairy vetch (Vivia villosa Roth) poisons cattle, causing what C/S
multisystemic disease
-fatal neuro dz
-ulcerative mucosal dz w/ subcu edema swelling & edema
-granulatomatous inflammatory dz
-hairy vetch-- alopecia with thickened pleated skin
45
Water Quality for Grazing livestock I
What is the concentration of Na that should be in drinking water before toxicity can occur?
serious complications likely at 5000 mg Na/L
**should keep drinking water less than 1000 mg Na/L
46
Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update
what are fungi that are associated with damage before harvest or field molds?
-Fusarium
-Alternaria
-Aspergillus
-Penicillium
47
Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update
What are the fungi associated with damage in storage
Aspergillus
penicillium
48
Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update
What are the primary factors determining the ability of molds to grow and their rate of growth and the rate at which molds produce mycotoxins?
moisture & temperature
49
Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update
Ochratoxins and citrinin produced by Aspergillus spp & Penicillium virdactum targets which organ?
renal proximal tubule
-->c/s of uremia (depression, anorexia, profuse diarrhea, dehydration, hypothermia & death)
50
Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update
Neotyphodium lolii is an endophyte infected rye grass that produces what toxin and what is its MOA
lolitrem B (predom) also A
MOA: thought to act on GABA receptors disrupting neuromuscular control
51
Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update
what are the clinical signs of neotyphodium lolii intoxication?
head tremors & muscle fasciculations of the head and neck, progressing to extremities
animals sway
lie down
convulse when stressed
death rarely occur
**animals recover within 7 days of being removed from pasture
52
Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update
Claviceps paspali infected bermuda grass, toxic principle?
Paspalitrem B
53
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
what are the clinical signs of acute oxalate poisoning
hypocalcemia
lethargy
anorexia
muscle tremors
weakness
stiffness
diarrhea
ataxia
tachypnea
dyspnea
tetany
recumbency
rumen atony
coma
death
54
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
oxalate containing plants target what system? (hint: if affected animals survive the initial stages of disease, then they suffer from this)?
kidney
**develop renal failure
55
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
What is the toxic principle of oak toxicity?
tannins
56
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
what are the c/s seen with oak toxicity?
predom GI mucosal damage & nephrosis, can cause liver dz
**lethargy, tenesmus, pu/pd, brown discoloration of urine, then hemorrhagic diarrhea, abdominal pain, rumen atony, anorexia
57
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
what are the c/s of red maple leaf toxicosis in horses?
-hemolysis & nephrosis
-depression, IV/extra-vascular hemolysis, icterus, anemia, hemoglobinuria, Heinz body anemia, colic, laminitis, coma & death
58
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
Is red maple leaf toxicosis seen in ruminants?
No cases are reported
59
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
Is allium spp (onions) toxicosis seen in r uminants?
rare-- requires a large amount of onion
60
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
Hypercalcemia & hyperphosphatemia is seen with what toxicity?
-calcinogenic glycoside-containing plants (solanum spp, cestrum diurnum, tristeum flavescens)
**leads to metastatic calcification
61
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
The plant Ranunculaceae (buttercup family) often contain ranunculin that is quickly converted to protoanemonin that leads to what C/S
**potent mucosal irritant-- blistered lips, stomatitis, gastroenteritis, inc salivation, abdominal pain & diarrhea
62
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
The nightshades contain an alkaloid named solanine that causes GI disease, leading ot what clinical signs
**potent mucosal irritant
C/S: anorexia, inc slobbering, abdom pain, diarrhea, dilation of pupils, dullness, depression, weakness, progressive paralysis, prostration & rarely death
63
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
Castor bean (Ricinus communis), what part of the plant is hte most toxic?
seeds
64
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
Castor bean (raccinus communis), the toxin ricin pathogenesis
- inhibits protein synthesis (by inhibiting ribosomal function)
--> causes severe immunologic disease with anaphylaxis
65
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
What are the C/s of castor bean (ricinus communis)
-depression, anorexia, thirst, weakness, colic, trembling,s weating, incoordination, difficult breathing, progressive CNS depression, fever
bloody diarrhea, convulsions & death
66
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
What plant is this?
Ricinus communis (castor bean)
67
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
What is this plant & what C/S does is cause in horses?
Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed or morning glory)
diarrhea, colic, Gi ulceration, intestinal thickening & fibrosis
68
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
Cyanogenic glycosides are highest in which plants?
young, rapidly growing plants
69
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
cyanogenic glycosides increase in plants with what?
increases with stress: frost, drought, herbicide treatment
70
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
what is the pathogenesis of cyanogenic glycosides?
cyanide displaced oxygen by avidly binding with iron in cellular cytochrome oxidase
**inhibits cellular respiration
71
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
With cyanogenic glycoside toxicity, what causes cherry red blood?
unused oxygen accumulates as oxyhemoglobin
72
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
C/S of hyperventilationk, dyspnea, anxiousness, hypotension & staggering, followed by convulsions, paralysis & death are consistent with what toxic plant?
(hint: rumen contents have bitter almond odor)
cyanogenic glycoside toxicity
73
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) has what pathogenic effects, due to what toxic principle?
-ptaquiloside (norseuiterpene glucosdie)
-mutogenic, clastogenic, carcinogenic that damages rapidly dividing cells in bone marrow & GI tract
- producing esophageal, gastric & urinary tract neoplasms
74
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
Ruminants with chronic intermittent hematuria with anemia & thrombocytopenia is consistent with toxcisos with what plant?
bracken fern
**enzootic hematuria
75
76
Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock
This is an uncommon presentation in sheep with what toxicity?
-bright blindness: progressive retinal degeneration, with tapetal hyper-reflectivity & pupils respond poorly to light
bracken fern intoxication
77
Selenosis in Ruminants
What is the most common cause of selenium intoxication in livestock?
iatrogenic
78
Selenosis in Ruminants
Bilaterally symmetric alopecia & dystrophic hoof growth is characteristic of what toxicosis?
chronic selenium toxicosis
79
Selenosis in Ruminants
what are c/s of selenium toxicosis?
walk with a weak, wobbly gait
severe abdominal pain, stilted gait, teeth grinding, tucked abdomen-- if route of exposure was oral
80
Selenosis in Ruminants
what is the spp susceptibility to selenium tox?
swine (most sensitive)> horse> cattle> sheep
81
Selenosis in Ruminants
what are the samples recommended for Se analysis?
blood, serum, urine, lier, kidney, hoof & hair
**whole blood & liver are less prone to fluctuations
82
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
What is the best sample to determine copper, iron and cobalt concentrations in cattle?
liver
**represent what the diet has been in the last 30 days
83
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
when are hair samples beneficial for evaluating mineral status?
for toxicity
**not adequate for deficiencies
84
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
cobalt is an essential component of which vitamin?
B12 (cobalamin)
85
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
which mineral deficiency can be mistaken for parasitism or poor nutrition?
cobalt/ vitamin B12 deficiency
86
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
What samples are recommended for diagnosis of cobalt dificiency?
liver & serum cobalt concen
87
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
How does secondary copper deficiency occur?
Antagonists like molybdenum & sulfur bind the available copper
or dietary excesses of iron, zinc & calcium
88
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
copper deficiency presents as what C/S
- dec production, dec eight gain
-changes in estrous cycle length, anestrous, early embryonic loss, increased prevalence of ovarian cysts,
-DEC immune function, increased incidence of dz
89
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
what is the difference in signalment between copper deficiency and toxicosis?
copper deficiency: common in beef cattle
copper toxicity: common in sheep
90
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
what diet factors affect liver accumulation of copper?
-diet elevated in copper
-deficiency in molybdenum
91
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
release of copper from the liver during stressful events results in what effect?
hemoglobinuria
* deposition in the kidney
92
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
what is the ideal copper to molybdenum ratio?
6:1
**ratio of greater than 10 is likely to cause chronic copper toxicosis
93
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
which mineral is important in maintaining normal thyroid physiology?
iodine
94
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
what is the effect of iodine deficiency?
reproductive failure
-fetal death, calves born hairless, weak or dead
95
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
List goitrogens that interfere with iodine deficiency
kale
turnips
radishes
canola seeds
white clover
brassica seeds
**contain thiocyanates from forages
96
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
what is the best sample to submit to determine iodine deficiency?
thyroid
97
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
where is the largest amount of iron found in the body?
hemoglobin & myoglobin
98
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
High dietary molybdenum is usually associated with what in the diet?
sulfur
99
evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock
Besides selenium tox, what other mineral toxicity/deficiency can cause skin/hoof abnormalities?
Zinc deficiency
** hair loss, skin thickening, cracking, fissuring, & hoof integrity affected
100
Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock
Cause of locoism
locoweed poisoning-- via Astragalus & Oxytropis genera
--toxin: swainsonine
101
Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock
Swainsonine toxicosis pathogenesis
**locoism
lysosomal storage disease
102
Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock
C/S of frequent urination, incomplete defecation, tachypnea, tachycardia & severe general muscular weakness that leads to periodic collapse
-stiff, staggering gait possible
-recumbency +/- bloat
-sudden death
Larkspur toxiciity
103
Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock
what is the MOA of larkspur tox?
neuromuscular junction: nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor antagonist
104
Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock
treatment of larkspur tox
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: neostigmine or physostigmine
105
Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock
horses that display these clinical signs are affected by which toxicity:
mental depression
hhypertonicity
abnormal posture of lips & tongue
+/- tongue protruding
yellow star thistle/russian knapweed
**chewing disease; equine nicropallidal encephalomalacia
106
Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock
which toxicity has curare like effect?
poison hemlock
107
Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock
The following clinical signs are consistent with what plant toxicosis?
-nervousness
-freq urination/defecation
-tachycardia
-temporarily impaired vision-- nictitating membrane fails to retract
-muscular weakness
-mm fasciculations
-ataxia
-incoordination
-depression
-recumbency
-collapse
-respiratory failure
poison hemlock
108
Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock
This fatal acute neurologic disease occurs in sheep, who are very sensitive to this toxin
Lupine toxicosis
109
Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock
Name this toxic plant that causes sudden death
death camas
110
Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock
Describe the pathogenesis of PA toxicity
-bioactivation via cytochrome P-450 enzyme system in the liver
-PAs form toxic didehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids
--> bind DNA, RNA, proteins & aa
--> damage cellular nucleic acids & proteins= acute cytotoxicity
-->bind to DNA also has an anti-mitotic effect= megalocytosis
111
Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock
These plants cause what characteristic histologic finding?
Megalocytosis: hepatocytes & nuclei become enlarged b/c of inability to divide
Plant: Senecio douglassi var longlibous (woolly groundsel)= PA tox
112
Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock
Which spp are resistant to PA toxins?
Small ruminants
113
Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock
In what situation of toxin exposure can liver enzymes be normal?
End-stage liver disease
**however indicators of liver function (bilirubin, bile acids, ammonia, albumin, cholesterol & BUN) may be altered in relation to loss of liver function
114
Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock
Liver abnormalities seen with PA toxicity may also be seen with what other toxicosis?
alfatoxicosis
115
Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock
What two syndromes are seen with toxicity of this plant?
alsike clover
1. primary photosensitization
2. hepatic dysfunction & photosensitization (horses only)
116
Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock
What is the proposed mechanism of toxicity of this plant?
cocklebur (xanthium spp)
inhibition of mitochondrial function & alteration of fatty acid metabolism
117
Biofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update
How are cattle exposed to sulfur, potentially leading to intoxication?
sulfuric acid is added during fermentation of corn to produce ethanol & added to distillation columns to clear them of precipitate
**can increase sulfur concen in corn & corn byproducts
118
Biofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update
sulfur toxicosis can cause what disease in ruminants?
polioencephalomalacia
119
Biofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update
define cortical blindness
menace reflex is absent, but palpebral reflex is present & pupils respond to light
120
Biofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update
diagnosis of sulfur tox associated polioencephalomalacia
-C/S observed
-microscopic lesions: laminar cortical necrosis, neuronal damage, gliosis, spongiosis
121
Biofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update
what are the differentials for polioencephalomalacia?
lead toxicosis
water deprivation sodium ion toxicosis
TEME
Listeria
rabies
magnesium deficiency
rumen acidosis
122
xBiofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update
what is the recommended treatment for sulfur tox?
-thiamine responsive (10 mg/kg bID for 3 days)
-steroids & broad spectrum antibiotics as an adjunctive therapy
123
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
This syndrome is caused by what toxic plant?
Crooked calf disease--> lupine tox
124
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
Crooked calf syndrome occurs by ingestion of lupines at what time of gestation?
days 40 to 100 gestation
125
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
lupine toxicosis leading to calf congenital abnormalities, such as
-skeletal contracture-type malformations
-cleft palate
-scoliosis, lordosis, torticollis, kyphosis
--permanent contractures, rotational defects, massive joint deformation, ankylosis & bony deformation
126
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
what are the lupin teratogens?
anagyrine
ammodendrine
127
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
Besides lupine, what other plants cause contracture-type skeletal defects & cleft palate
poison hemlock (C maculatum)
wild tobacco (N glauca)
tobaccostalks (Nicotiana tabacum)
128
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
Which plant can cause craniofacial birth defects in pregnant ewes (ie cyclopia)
Veratrum californicum (flase hellebore or corn lily)
129
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
What are the teratogens in false hellebore responsible for congenital cyclopia?
cyclopamine & jervine
130
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
Cattle that eat this plant in the winter when cattle are in late gestation & weather forces animals into the trees for cover & snow further reduces availability of alternative forages, causes what reproductive abnormalities
abortion
dead or premature calves
retained placentas
uterine infections
131
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
what is the toxic principle of this plant?
isocupressic acid
132
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
What type of plant toxicity is described as an abortion storm? (high incidence of abortion)
nitrate accumulating plants
133
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
What is the treatment described for nitrate toxicity?
IV methylene blue
134
Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock
what is the optimal sample for diagnosis of nitrate toxicity in cattle?
fetal ocular nitrate concentrations are higher than 20 micro NO3/mL (20 ppm)
**highly suggestive of maternal nitrate poisoning
