Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Vet clinics of N. America-Food Animals > 2020.Iss3,Toxicology > Flashcards

2020.Iss3,Toxicology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Gourmet Food flashcards
1
Q

Diagnostic challenges & guidelines pertaining to suspect ruminant intoxications

List the basic steps in diagnosing suspected intoxications and/or cases of ruminant production inefficiency, morbidity, and/or mortality of initially unknown etiologies should include:

A

-collection of historical information
-thorough physical examination
-development of a problem list with DAMNIT analysis
-explanation of what about a particular case suggests it represents an intoxication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diagnostic challenges & guidelines pertaining to suspect ruminant intoxications

What are the clinical and necropsy specimens for ruminant toxicology diagnosis?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

Why are ionophores commonly used as a feed additive in animals?

A

growth promotion
coccidia control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diagnostic challenges & guidelines pertaining to suspect ruminant intoxications

What are common differential diagnoses for blindness in cattle?

A

-polioencephalomalacia–> PB intox, sodium/water dperivationsyndrome, thaminase containing plants, excessive dietary sulfur
-hypovitaminosis A
-Listeriosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle

why are ionophores commonly used as a feed additive in animals?

A

for growth promotion or coccidia control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle

what is the safety margin for ionophores?

A

narrow– for most spp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle

What is the MOA of ionophores?

A

-move monovalent cations, such as calcium & sodium across the cell wall in exchange for K & H ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle

What is the MOA of ionophores to result in growth promotion?

A

-shift in rumen microlfora– allowing gram neg organisms to predominate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle

What is the MOA of increase in rate of gain & feed efficiency with ionophores?

A

changes in VFAs in rumen
–propionic acid production increased over butyric & acetic acids in rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle

Besides use an an anti-coccidiostat and increased feed efficiency, ionophores prevent which toxicosis?

A

3-methylindole toxicosis– associated with atypical interstitial pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle

another benefit of ionophores in feed, is beneficial in the prevention of what BRD pathogen?

A

Mycoplasma spp

** laidlomycin, monensin, lasalocid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in Cattle

in general, cattle are not as susceptible to the adverse effects of ionphores as other species, for what reasons:

A

-ruminal breakdown
-decreased absorption
-increased first pass effect by the liver
-differences in cell wall structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

Besides as a growth promotant and anti-coccdiostat, it prevents toxicosis with what?

A

3-methylindole toxicosis– atypical interstitial pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

Why is rate of gain and feed efficiency seen with ionphores?

A

changes in VFAs in rumen– proprionic acid production is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

How is ammonia production altered by ionophores?

A

decrease the amount of bacterial ammonia fixation–> increases nitrogen retention & absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

Ionophores change ruminal microbial flora, for what benefits

A

-decrease ruminal acidosis
-decrease bloat
-enhance feed efficiency
-alter microbial metabolism of exogenous compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

What are clinical signs of ionophore toxicosis in cattle?

A

anorexia (first sign)
sudden death
C/S of CHF: weakness, incoordination, ataxia, hyperpnea, tachycardia, hyperventilation, dyspnea, dilated jugular vein, subcu edema, nasal d/c, recumbency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

what are clinical chemistry abnormalities consistent with ionophore toxicosis?

A

muscle damage: INC CK, INC AST

other: INC urea nitrogen, urien protein, urine pH, USG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

when is it useful to measure serum cardiac troponins in ionphore tox?

A

Within 7 days of initial myocardial damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

What is required for definitive diagnosis of ionophore toxicosis in cattle?

A

microscopic exam of cardiac tissue & skeletal mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

Is treatment of ionophore toxicosis recommended in cattle?

A

usually not rewarding b/c damaged skeletal and cardiac mm is replaced by fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle

Is it beneficial to collect feed in ionophore toxicosis?

A

no b/c the feed collected is likely not representative of what the animal consumed
**typically a one time mis-mix of feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

how can selenium cause myoskeletal or myocardial lesions?

A

either by deficiency in diet or by acute or chronic ingestion of selenium containing plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

What is the mechanism of action of digoxin at therapeutic doses (a cardiac glycoside)?

A

inhibit sodium potassium pumps in the cell membrane
– resulting in increased sequestration & increased calcium release upon stimulation= INC contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

What occurs at toxic levels of cardiac glycosides?

A

imbalance of intra- & extra-cellular sodium & potassium alters membrane potentials with decreased cardiac conduction
–> AV block & ventricular fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

Toxicity with white snakeroot & Isocoma spp (rayless goldenrod) leads to what clinical signs

A

**takes days to weeks of ingestion
-reluctance to move
-fine mm tremors of nose, flanks & legs– esp after exercise or activity
-tachypnea
-tachycardia
-stiff gait
-altered posture (stand with arched back position)
-nursing young develop dz through milk ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

Identify these plants

A

A: White snakeroot
B: Rayless Goldenrod (isocoma spp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

Toxicity with this plant occurs in North Western US

A

Thermopsis rhombifolia
–prarie goldbanner, golden bean or buffalo bean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

Cassia, senna & chamacrista spp toxicity develops what clinical signs?

A

diarrhea
colic
tenesmus
weakness
recumbency
myoglobinuria
wasting

– death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

What are clinical signs of T. rhombifolia and what disease are they similar to?

A

C/S: mm weakness, +/- recumbency, dehydration, INC mm enzymes

**Similar to lupine toxicosis– with contracture congenital defects (crooked calf disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

Cassia, senna & chamacrista spp SEVERE toxicity, leads to death due to what lesions?

A

-skeletal mm & mycoardial lesions–> hyperkalemia
–> contributes to altered cardiac contractions, fibrillation & death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

What are clinical signs of selenium toxicity in cattle (acute vs chronic ingestion)?

A

Acute: depression, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, death

chronic: heart failure, crippled animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

What are the C/S of selenium toxicity in horses?

A

hoof lesoins– horixontal on hoof wall with progress to laminar necrosis & sloughing of the entire hoof
-mane & tail: alopecia, brittle hair that breaks easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Plant-induced myotoxicity in livestock

how do you diagnose selenium toxicosis?

A

whole blood & liver biopsy
–rumen contents can be analyzed for Se content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock

When does primary photosensitization occur?

A

When livestock ingest plants that contain photodynamic compounds or chromophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock

When does secondary or hepatogenous photosensitization occur?

A

When photodynamic chlorophyll metabolites (phylloerythrin) accumulate in tissues d/t liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock

What is this plant and what does it cause?

A

causes secondary photosensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock

what is this plant and the mechanism of action?

A

Cymopterus watsonii (spring parsley)

Furanocoumarin containing palnts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock

What are the C/S of Cymopterus watsonii (spring parsley) & Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip)?

A

-most lesions are d/t contact dermatitis
-primary photosensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock

What is the treatment for most plants with photosensitization?

A

Lesions resolve when exposure to plant & irradiation is discontinued

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock

what is phyloerythrin?

A

a chlorophyll metabolite that is primarily formed by enteric microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock

What organ metabolizes phylloerythrin?

A

liver
**conjugates & excretes it in bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock

Clinical photosensitivity requires what 3 variables?

A
  1. liver damage & biliary excretion impaired– phylloerythrin accumulates
  2. adequate green forage must be ingested, resulting in intestinal chlorophyll metabolism producing abdundant phylloerythrin
  3. animal exposed to sunlight to photoactivate dermal phylloerythrin & damage dermal tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Plant-induced photosensitivity & dermatitis in livestock

Hairy vetch (Vivia villosa Roth) poisons cattle, causing what C/S

A

multisystemic disease
-fatal neuro dz
-ulcerative mucosal dz w/ subcu edema swelling & edema
-granulatomatous inflammatory dz
-hairy vetch– alopecia with thickened pleated skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Water Quality for Grazing livestock I

What is the concentration of Na that should be in drinking water before toxicity can occur?

A

serious complications likely at 5000 mg Na/L
**should keep drinking water less than 1000 mg Na/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update

what are fungi that are associated with damage before harvest or field molds?

A

-Fusarium
-Alternaria
-Aspergillus
-Penicillium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update

What are the fungi associated with damage in storage

A

Aspergillus
penicillium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update

What are the primary factors determining the ability of molds to grow and their rate of growth and the rate at which molds produce mycotoxins?

A

moisture & temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update

Ochratoxins and citrinin produced by Aspergillus spp & Penicillium virdactum targets which organ?

A

renal proximal tubule
–>c/s of uremia (depression, anorexia, profuse diarrhea, dehydration, hypothermia & death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update

Neotyphodium lolii is an endophyte infected rye grass that produces what toxin and what is its MOA

A

lolitrem B (predom) also A

MOA: thought to act on GABA receptors disrupting neuromuscular control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update

what are the clinical signs of neotyphodium lolii intoxication?

A

head tremors & muscle fasciculations of the head and neck, progressing to extremities
animals sway
lie down
convulse when stressed
death rarely occur
**animals recover within 7 days of being removed from pasture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Ruminant Mycotoxicosis: An update

Claviceps paspali infected bermuda grass, toxic principle?

A

Paspalitrem B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

what are the clinical signs of acute oxalate poisoning

A

hypocalcemia
lethargy
anorexia
muscle tremors
weakness
stiffness
diarrhea
ataxia
tachypnea
dyspnea
tetany
recumbency
rumen atony
coma
death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

oxalate containing plants target what system? (hint: if affected animals survive the initial stages of disease, then they suffer from this)?

A

kidney
**develop renal failure

55
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

What is the toxic principle of oak toxicity?

A

tannins

56
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

what are the c/s seen with oak toxicity?

A

predom GI mucosal damage & nephrosis, can cause liver dz

**lethargy, tenesmus, pu/pd, brown discoloration of urine, then hemorrhagic diarrhea, abdominal pain, rumen atony, anorexia

57
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

what are the c/s of red maple leaf toxicosis in horses?

A

-hemolysis & nephrosis
-depression, IV/extra-vascular hemolysis, icterus, anemia, hemoglobinuria, Heinz body anemia, colic, laminitis, coma & death

58
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

Is red maple leaf toxicosis seen in ruminants?

A

No cases are reported

59
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

Is allium spp (onions) toxicosis seen in r uminants?

A

rare– requires a large amount of onion

60
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

Hypercalcemia & hyperphosphatemia is seen with what toxicity?

A

-calcinogenic glycoside-containing plants (solanum spp, cestrum diurnum, tristeum flavescens)

**leads to metastatic calcification

61
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

The plant Ranunculaceae (buttercup family) often contain ranunculin that is quickly converted to protoanemonin that leads to what C/S

A

**potent mucosal irritant– blistered lips, stomatitis, gastroenteritis, inc salivation, abdominal pain & diarrhea

62
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

The nightshades contain an alkaloid named solanine that causes GI disease, leading ot what clinical signs

A

**potent mucosal irritant

C/S: anorexia, inc slobbering, abdom pain, diarrhea, dilation of pupils, dullness, depression, weakness, progressive paralysis, prostration & rarely death

63
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

Castor bean (Ricinus communis), what part of the plant is hte most toxic?

A

seeds

64
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

Castor bean (raccinus communis), the toxin ricin pathogenesis

A
  • inhibits protein synthesis (by inhibiting ribosomal function)

–> causes severe immunologic disease with anaphylaxis

65
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

What are the C/s of castor bean (ricinus communis)

A

-depression, anorexia, thirst, weakness, colic, trembling,s weating, incoordination, difficult breathing, progressive CNS depression, fever
bloody diarrhea, convulsions & death

66
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

What plant is this?

A

Ricinus communis (castor bean)

67
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

What is this plant & what C/S does is cause in horses?

A

Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed or morning glory)

diarrhea, colic, Gi ulceration, intestinal thickening & fibrosis

68
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

Cyanogenic glycosides are highest in which plants?

A

young, rapidly growing plants

69
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

cyanogenic glycosides increase in plants with what?

A

increases with stress: frost, drought, herbicide treatment

70
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

what is the pathogenesis of cyanogenic glycosides?

A

cyanide displaced oxygen by avidly binding with iron in cellular cytochrome oxidase
**inhibits cellular respiration

71
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

With cyanogenic glycoside toxicity, what causes cherry red blood?

A

unused oxygen accumulates as oxyhemoglobin

72
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

C/S of hyperventilationk, dyspnea, anxiousness, hypotension & staggering, followed by convulsions, paralysis & death are consistent with what toxic plant?
(hint: rumen contents have bitter almond odor)

A

cyanogenic glycoside toxicity

73
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) has what pathogenic effects, due to what toxic principle?

A

-ptaquiloside (norseuiterpene glucosdie)

-mutogenic, clastogenic, carcinogenic that damages rapidly dividing cells in bone marrow & GI tract
- producing esophageal, gastric & urinary tract neoplasms

74
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

Ruminants with chronic intermittent hematuria with anemia & thrombocytopenia is consistent with toxcisos with what plant?

A

bracken fern
**enzootic hematuria

75
Q
A
76
Q

Plants containing urinary tract, gastrointestinal or miscellaneous toxins that affect livestock

This is an uncommon presentation in sheep with what toxicity?
-bright blindness: progressive retinal degeneration, with tapetal hyper-reflectivity & pupils respond poorly to light

A

bracken fern intoxication

77
Q

Selenosis in Ruminants

What is the most common cause of selenium intoxication in livestock?

A

iatrogenic

78
Q

Selenosis in Ruminants

Bilaterally symmetric alopecia & dystrophic hoof growth is characteristic of what toxicosis?

A

chronic selenium toxicosis

79
Q

Selenosis in Ruminants

what are c/s of selenium toxicosis?

A

walk with a weak, wobbly gait
severe abdominal pain, stilted gait, teeth grinding, tucked abdomen– if route of exposure was oral

80
Q

Selenosis in Ruminants

what is the spp susceptibility to selenium tox?

A

swine (most sensitive)> horse> cattle> sheep

81
Q

Selenosis in Ruminants

what are the samples recommended for Se analysis?

A

blood, serum, urine, lier, kidney, hoof & hair
**whole blood & liver are less prone to fluctuations

82
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

What is the best sample to determine copper, iron and cobalt concentrations in cattle?

A

liver
**represent what the diet has been in the last 30 days

83
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

when are hair samples beneficial for evaluating mineral status?

A

for toxicity

**not adequate for deficiencies

84
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

cobalt is an essential component of which vitamin?

A

B12 (cobalamin)

85
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

which mineral deficiency can be mistaken for parasitism or poor nutrition?

A

cobalt/ vitamin B12 deficiency

86
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

What samples are recommended for diagnosis of cobalt dificiency?

A

liver & serum cobalt concen

87
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

How does secondary copper deficiency occur?

A

Antagonists like molybdenum & sulfur bind the available copper

or dietary excesses of iron, zinc & calcium

88
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

copper deficiency presents as what C/S

A
  • dec production, dec eight gain
    -changes in estrous cycle length, anestrous, early embryonic loss, increased prevalence of ovarian cysts,
    -DEC immune function, increased incidence of dz
89
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

what is the difference in signalment between copper deficiency and toxicosis?

A

copper deficiency: common in beef cattle

copper toxicity: common in sheep

90
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

what diet factors affect liver accumulation of copper?

A

-diet elevated in copper
-deficiency in molybdenum

91
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

release of copper from the liver during stressful events results in what effect?

A

hemoglobinuria

  • deposition in the kidney
92
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

what is the ideal copper to molybdenum ratio?

A

6:1

**ratio of greater than 10 is likely to cause chronic copper toxicosis

93
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

which mineral is important in maintaining normal thyroid physiology?

A

iodine

94
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

what is the effect of iodine deficiency?

A

reproductive failure
-fetal death, calves born hairless, weak or dead

95
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

List goitrogens that interfere with iodine deficiency

A

kale
turnips
radishes
canola seeds
white clover
brassica seeds
**contain thiocyanates from forages

96
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

what is the best sample to submit to determine iodine deficiency?

A

thyroid

97
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

where is the largest amount of iron found in the body?

A

hemoglobin & myoglobin

98
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

High dietary molybdenum is usually associated with what in the diet?

A

sulfur

99
Q

evaluating mineral status in ruminant livestock

Besides selenium tox, what other mineral toxicity/deficiency can cause skin/hoof abnormalities?

A

Zinc deficiency
** hair loss, skin thickening, cracking, fissuring, & hoof integrity affected

100
Q

Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock

Cause of locoism

A

locoweed poisoning– via Astragalus & Oxytropis genera
–toxin: swainsonine

101
Q

Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock

Swainsonine toxicosis pathogenesis
**locoism

A

lysosomal storage disease

102
Q

Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock

C/S of frequent urination, incomplete defecation, tachypnea, tachycardia & severe general muscular weakness that leads to periodic collapse
-stiff, staggering gait possible
-recumbency +/- bloat
-sudden death

A

Larkspur toxiciity

103
Q

Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock

what is the MOA of larkspur tox?

A

neuromuscular junction: nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor antagonist

104
Q

Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock

treatment of larkspur tox

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: neostigmine or physostigmine

105
Q

Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock

horses that display these clinical signs are affected by which toxicity:
mental depression
hhypertonicity
abnormal posture of lips & tongue
+/- tongue protruding

A

yellow star thistle/russian knapweed
**chewing disease; equine nicropallidal encephalomalacia

106
Q

Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock

which toxicity has curare like effect?

A

poison hemlock

107
Q

Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock

The following clinical signs are consistent with what plant toxicosis?
-nervousness
-freq urination/defecation
-tachycardia
-temporarily impaired vision– nictitating membrane fails to retract
-muscular weakness
-mm fasciculations
-ataxia
-incoordination
-depression
-recumbency
-collapse
-respiratory failure

A

poison hemlock

108
Q

Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock

This fatal acute neurologic disease occurs in sheep, who are very sensitive to this toxin

A

Lupine toxicosis

109
Q

Neurotoxic plants that poison livestock

Name this toxic plant that causes sudden death

A

death camas

110
Q

Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock

Describe the pathogenesis of PA toxicity

A

-bioactivation via cytochrome P-450 enzyme system in the liver
-PAs form toxic didehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids
–> bind DNA, RNA, proteins & aa
–> damage cellular nucleic acids & proteins= acute cytotoxicity
–>bind to DNA also has an anti-mitotic effect= megalocytosis

111
Q

Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock

These plants cause what characteristic histologic finding?

A

Megalocytosis: hepatocytes & nuclei become enlarged b/c of inability to divide

Plant: Senecio douglassi var longlibous (woolly groundsel)= PA tox

112
Q

Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock

Which spp are resistant to PA toxins?

A

Small ruminants

113
Q

Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock

In what situation of toxin exposure can liver enzymes be normal?

A

End-stage liver disease
**however indicators of liver function (bilirubin, bile acids, ammonia, albumin, cholesterol & BUN) may be altered in relation to loss of liver function

114
Q

Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock

Liver abnormalities seen with PA toxicity may also be seen with what other toxicosis?

A

alfatoxicosis

115
Q

Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock

What two syndromes are seen with toxicity of this plant?

A

alsike clover
1. primary photosensitization

  1. hepatic dysfunction & photosensitization (horses only)
116
Q

Hepatotoxic Plants that poison livestock

What is the proposed mechanism of toxicity of this plant?

A

cocklebur (xanthium spp)

inhibition of mitochondrial function & alteration of fatty acid metabolism

117
Q

Biofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update

How are cattle exposed to sulfur, potentially leading to intoxication?

A

sulfuric acid is added during fermentation of corn to produce ethanol & added to distillation columns to clear them of precipitate
**can increase sulfur concen in corn & corn byproducts

118
Q

Biofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update

sulfur toxicosis can cause what disease in ruminants?

A

polioencephalomalacia

119
Q

Biofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update

define cortical blindness

A

menace reflex is absent, but palpebral reflex is present & pupils respond to light

120
Q

Biofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update

diagnosis of sulfur tox associated polioencephalomalacia

A

-C/S observed
-microscopic lesions: laminar cortical necrosis, neuronal damage, gliosis, spongiosis

121
Q

Biofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update

what are the differentials for polioencephalomalacia?

A

lead toxicosis
water deprivation sodium ion toxicosis
TEME
Listeria
rabies
magnesium deficiency
rumen acidosis

122
Q

xBiofuels Co-Products Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants: An Update

what is the recommended treatment for sulfur tox?

A

-thiamine responsive (10 mg/kg bID for 3 days)
-steroids & broad spectrum antibiotics as an adjunctive therapy

123
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

This syndrome is caused by what toxic plant?

A

Crooked calf disease–> lupine tox

124
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

Crooked calf syndrome occurs by ingestion of lupines at what time of gestation?

A

days 40 to 100 gestation

125
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

lupine toxicosis leading to calf congenital abnormalities, such as

A

-skeletal contracture-type malformations
-cleft palate

-scoliosis, lordosis, torticollis, kyphosis
–permanent contractures, rotational defects, massive joint deformation, ankylosis & bony deformation

126
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

what are the lupin teratogens?

A

anagyrine
ammodendrine

127
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

Besides lupine, what other plants cause contracture-type skeletal defects & cleft palate

A

poison hemlock (C maculatum)
wild tobacco (N glauca)
tobaccostalks (Nicotiana tabacum)

128
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

Which plant can cause craniofacial birth defects in pregnant ewes (ie cyclopia)

A

Veratrum californicum (flase hellebore or corn lily)

129
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

What are the teratogens in false hellebore responsible for congenital cyclopia?

A

cyclopamine & jervine

130
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

Cattle that eat this plant in the winter when cattle are in late gestation & weather forces animals into the trees for cover & snow further reduces availability of alternative forages, causes what reproductive abnormalities

A

abortion
dead or premature calves
retained placentas
uterine infections

131
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

what is the toxic principle of this plant?

A

isocupressic acid

132
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

What type of plant toxicity is described as an abortion storm? (high incidence of abortion)

A

nitrate accumulating plants

133
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

What is the treatment described for nitrate toxicity?

A

IV methylene blue

134
Q

Plant Induced Reproductive dz, abortion & teratology in livestock

what is the optimal sample for diagnosis of nitrate toxicity in cattle?

A

fetal ocular nitrate concentrations are higher than 20 micro NO3/mL (20 ppm)
**highly suggestive of maternal nitrate poisoning

Vet clinics of N. America-Food Animals (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions