2023 Paper Flashcards
Function of fibre
Helps to aid digestion and decrease constipation
Function of the essential mineral ion
Helps with the formation of the red blood cell as it is a component of haemoglobin
How does joint type affect flexibility
The shape of the articulating bones affects the number of planes that a joint can move in
How does the length of connective tissue affect flexibility
The greater the length, the greater the range of movement before stretch reflex is initiated
Yield of ATP/PC system
1 mole per PC
Example of system that used ATP/PC system
100m sprint
How does speed of release affect the horizontal distance
The faster the speed of release the further the projectile will go
How does the height of release affect the distance travelled by a projectile
The higher the release in relation to landing area the further the projectile travels
The role of the sternocleidomastoid in the mechanisms of breathing
- It hooks with the movement to lift the ribcage further up and out than at rest
- Increases the volume in the thoracic cavity further than at rest
- Reduces pressure in the thoracic cavity more than at rest
The role of the internal intercostals in the mechanisms of breathing
- Pulls the ribcage faster in and down than at rest
- Reduces the volume of thoracic cavity further than at rest
- Increases pressure in the thoracic cavity more than at rest
Describe Krebs cycle
- Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
- Citric acid is then oxidised
- This yields 2 ATP
- Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
Describe the ETC
- Occurs in the Cristal of mitochondria
- Yields 34 moles of ATP
- By products - water
Using knowledge of the recovery process, explain why it takes longer or the performer who sprints to recover
- Sprinting is a higher intensity and is anaerobic so this increases the oxygen deficit
- Sprinting is a higher intensity and is anaerobic so lactic acid is produced
- The sprinter has a greater EPOC so needs more oxygen to replenish and oxidise the lactic acid
Describe one typical continuous training
- 50% of HR max
- 20+ mins
- aerobic exercise like running
Three muscular adaptations of aerobic training
- Increased strength of respiratory muscles
- Increased size of SO muscle fibres
- Increased density of mitochondria
Cross country skier type of strength and justification
- Dynamic strength
- Skier needs to contract muscles to cause movement over prolonged periods
ski jumper type of strength and justification
- Static strength
- Skier needs to be able to maintain strong body position in flight of the jump
Asthma and lung cancer - what impact will training have
- Increased respiratory muscle strength which decreases respiratory effort
- Decreased resting breathing rate which helps to reduce fatigue
- Increased SA of alveoli which maximises gas exchange
Osteoarthritis description and possible cause
- Breakdown of cartilage
- It can be caused from inadequate footwear for example a sprinter wearing inappropriate footwear every time they train
Stress fracture description and possible cause
- Small crack in bone
- Can occur from overtraining
- A marathon runner running too far frequently
Four factors affecting stability
- Mass: Greater the mass the more stable
- Height of COM: the low the COM the more stable
- Line of gravity: The closer the line of gravity to the centre of the base the more stable
- Base of support: The larger the area of the base of support the more stable
Two factors affecting the size of the MOI of a rotating body
- Mass
- Distribution of the mass from the axis of rotation
Relationship between MOI and angular velocity
- Inverse relationship
- A diver will tuck their body position to decrease MOI and increase angular velocity
How the appropriate use of topspin in tennis causes the flight path of the ball to deviate
- The airflow over the top of the ball is in the opposite direction to the direction for spin
- The airflow underneath the ball is in the same direction as the direction of spin
- The airflow over the top of the ball travels slower than below
- The pressure above the ball is higher which creates a pressure gradient
- The total Magnus force is acting downwards from COM
Benefit of topspin
Can hit the ball harder and it will still stay in court
